For the later battle leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona, see Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824). For the battle in the Peninsular War, see Battle of Roncesvalles (1813).
Battle of Roncevaux Pass
Part of Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula
15th-century anonymous painting of the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
Date
August 15, 778
Location
Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees
Result
Basque victory
Belligerents
Franks (Christian)
Basques (pagan)
Commanders and leaders
Charlemagne Roland †
Unknown (speculated: Lupo II of Gascony or Bernardo del Carpio)
Strength
3,000 soldiers who were crossing the pass (modern est.)[1]
Unknown but large[2][3]
Casualties and losses
All the men in the rearguard were killed.
Unknown
v
t
e
Battles in the Reconquista
8th century
Covadonga
1st Roncevaux Pass
Burbia River
Lutos
Las Babias
Río Quirós
Río Nalón
Oviedo
9th century
1st Barcelona
1st Tortosa
Pancorbo
2nd Roncevaux Pass
Clavijo
Albelda
Guadalacete
Monte Laturce
Morcuera
Polvoraria
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2nd Cellorigo
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10th century
Day of Zamora
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Valdejunquera
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11th century
Cervera
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Torà
Albesa
Aqbat al-Bakr
Graus
Coimbra
Barbastro
Paterna
Llantada
Golpejera
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Morella
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Cutanda
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Aragonese raid
Majorca
Portopí
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Ares
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Martos
Montesa
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Iznalloz
14th century
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Teba
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North Africa
Salé
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Asilah
Melilla
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The Battle of Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) in 778 saw a large force of Basques ambush a part of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux Pass, a high mountain pass in the Pyrenees on the present border between France and Spain, after his invasion of the Iberian Peninsula.
The Basque attack was in retaliation for Charlemagne's destruction of the city walls of their capital, Pamplona. As the Franks retreated across the Pyrenees back to Francia, the rearguard of Frankish lords was cut off, stood its ground, and was wiped out.
Among those killed in the battle was Roland, a Frankish commander. His death elevated him and the paladins, the foremost warriors of Charlemagne's court, into legend, becoming the quintessential role model for knights and also greatly influencing the code of chivalry in the Middle Ages. There are numerous written works about the battle, some of which change and exaggerate events. The battle is recounted in the 11th century The Song of Roland, the oldest surviving major work of French literature, and in Orlando Furioso, one of the most celebrated works of Italian literature. Modern adaptations of the battle include books, plays, works of fiction, and monuments in the Pyrenees.
^Cite error: The named reference Butt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Hunt, Janin. Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. McFarland (2013). p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7864-7274-1
^Cite error: The named reference Ham was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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