1241 battle during the first Mongol invasion of Hungary
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Horse archers Horse lancers[2] Stone throwers Possibly Chinese firearm units and other gunpowder units
Strength
80,000[3] 50,000[4] 25,000[5][6][7]
~15,000–30,000 cavalry (contemporary sources)[8] Other estimations: 70,000[9] 50,000[4] 20,000[10]
At least seven stone throwers
Casualties and losses
~10,000 (contemporary sources)[11] Most of the army[12]
Few hundreds[13] Very heavy[1][14][15][16]
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Location within Hungary
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t
e
Ögedei Khan's campaigns
Volga Bulgars
Jin dynasty
Kaifeng
Caizhou
Eastern Liao
Khwarazmia
Goryeo
Georgia
Armenia
Kievan Rus'
Ryazan
Sit River
Kozelsk
Kiev
Tibet
Poland
Legnica
Hungary
Mohi
Bulgaria and Serbia
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Mongol invasions and conquests
Asia
Burma
First
Second
Central Asia
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
China
Western Xia
Jin
Eastern Xia
Song
Western Asia
Georgia
Anatolia
Persia
Nizari state
Levant
Palestine
Other invasions
India
Japan
Java
Korea
Sakhalin
Siberia
Tibet
Vietnam
Europe
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Cumania
Durdzuketi
Circassia
Alania
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Holy Roman Empire
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Lithuania
Byzantine Thrace
Serbia
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t
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Mongol invasion of Hungary
1st invasion (1241–42)
Brassó
Nagyszeben
Mohi
Pest
Esztergom
Zagreb
2nd invasion (1285–86)
The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241), also known as Battle of the Sajó River[15] or Battle of the Tisza River, was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi (then Mohi), southwest of the Sajó River. The battle resulted in a victory for the Mongols, who destroyed the Hungarian Royal army.
^ abThe Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy."
^Sverdrup, Carl (2010). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. 8. Boydell Press: 109–17 [p. 115]. doi:10.1515/9781846159022-004. ISBN 978-1-84383-596-7. The Mongols probably had a nominal force of at least 30,000 men, with the personal units of Batu and Sube'etei forming the core of the army.
^Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
^ abSverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.
^Markó, László (2000), Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, ISBN 963-547-085-1
^Liptai, Ervin (1985), Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, ISBN 963-326-337-9
^Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible."
^Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.
^Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.
^McLynn, p. 469
^Sverdrup, p. 115
^Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163;
^McLynn, p. 473
^John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.
^ abA Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in the battle are heavy ...".
^The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.
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