The Barnes maze is a tool used in psychological laboratory experiments to measure spatial learning and memory. The test was first developed by Dr. Carol Barnes in 1979.[1] The test subjects are usually rodents such as mice or lab rats, which either serve as a control or may have some genetic variable or deficiency present in them which will cause them to react to the maze differently. The basic function of Barnes maze is to measure the ability of a mouse to learn and remember the location of a target zone using a configuration of distal visual cues located around the testing area.[2] This noninvasive task is useful for evaluating novel chemical entities for their effects on cognition as well as identifying cognitive deficits in transgenic strains of rodents that model for disease such as Alzheimer's disease.[3] It is also used by neuroscientists to determine whether there is a causative effect after mild traumatic brain injury on learning deficits (acquisition trials) and spatial memory retention (probe) at acute[4] and chronic time points.[5] This task is dependent on the intrinsic inclination of the subjects to escape from an aversive environment and on hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory.[6]
^Barnes, CA (1979). "Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat." J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1979 Feb;93(1):74-104.
^Harrison F.E, Hosseini A.H, MacDonald M.P.(2009). "Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks." Behavioural Brain Research 198 (2009) 247–251.
^Reiserer, RS., Harrison F>E., Syverud, DC., McDonald, MP. Impaired spatial learning in the APPSwe + PSEN1DeltaE9 bigenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Genes Brain Behav. 6:54-65 (2007).
^Mouzon, B; Chaytow, H (December 2012). "Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse Model Produces Learning and Memory Deficits Accompanied by Histological Changes" (PDF). J Neurotrauma. 29 (18): 2761–73. doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2498. PMID 22900595.
^Mouzon, B; Bachmeier, C (February 2014). "Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model". Ann. Neurol. 75 (2): 241–254. doi:10.1002/ana.24064. PMID 24243523. S2CID 20622669.
^Harrison FE, Hosseini AH, McDonald MP. 2009. Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and barnes maze spatial memory tasks. Behav Brain Res 198(1):247-51.
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until 1911. Barnes, p.175, ".476 Ely/.476 Enfield Mk-3". Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", p. 37. Excalibur Publications, 2002. Maze, Robert J: "Howdah...
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