Baiyue information

Baiyue
Baiyue
	Statue of a man with short hair and body tattoos typical of the Baiyue, from the state of Yue
Chinese name
Chinese	百越
Literal meaning	Hundred Yue
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Bǎiyuè
Bopomofo	ㄅㄞˇ ㄩㄝˋ
Wade–Giles	Pai3-yüeh4
IPA	[pàɪ.ɥê]
Wu
Romanization	Paq yoeq
Gan
Romanization	Bak-yet
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ	Pak-ye̍t
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Baak yuht
Jyutping	Baak3 jyut6
Canton Romanization	Bag3 yüd6
IPA	[paːk̚˧ jyːt̚˨]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Pah-oa̍t
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC	Báh-uŏk
Pu-Xian Min
Hinghwa BUC	Beh-e̤̍h
Northern Min
Jian'ou Romanized	Bă-ṳ̆e
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Bách Việt
Chữ Hán	百越

The Baiyue, Hundred Yue, or simply Yue, were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of Southern China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD.^[1]^[2]^[3] They were known for their short hair, body tattoos, fine swords, and naval prowess.

During the Warring States period, the word "Yue" referred to the state of Yue in Zhejiang. The later kingdoms of Minyue in Fujian and Nanyue in Guangdong were both considered Yue states. During the Zhou and Han dynasties, the Yue lived in a vast territory from Jiangsu to Yunnan,^[3] while Barlow (1997:2) indicates that the Luoyue occupied the southwest Guangxi and northern Vietnam.^[4] The Book of Han describes the various Yue tribes and peoples can be found from the regions of Kuaiji to Jiaozhi.^[5]

The Yue tribes were gradually displaced or assimilated into Chinese culture as the Han empire expanded into what is now Southern China and Northern Vietnam.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Many modern southern Chinese dialects bear traces of substrate languages^{[citation needed]} originally spoken by the ancient Yue. Variations of the name are still used for the name of modern Vietnam, in Zhejiang-related names including Yue opera, the Yue Chinese language, and in the abbreviation for Guangdong.

^ Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2008). The Tai-Kadai Languages. Routledge (published August 20, 2008). p. 9. ISBN 978-0-700-71457-5.
Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907. University of Hawaiʻi Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 150. ISBN 978-0-824-82465-5.
Diller, Anthony (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-68847-5.
Wang, William (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-199-85633-6.
Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier". In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.). East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-0-921-49009-8.
^ Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.). China: A Religious State. Columbia University Press (published June 19, 2012). pp. 193–194.
^ ^a ^b Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the Hundred Yue". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 93–100. doi:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 (inactive 2024-03-27).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)
^ Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier". In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.). East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-921-49009-8.
^ Brindley 2003, p. 13.
^ Carson, Mike T. (2016). Archaeological Landscape Evolution: The Mariana Islands in the Asia-Pacific Region. Springer (published June 18, 2016). p. 23. ISBN 978-3-319-31399-3.
^ Wiens, Herold Jacob (1967). Han Chinese expansion in South China. Shoe String Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-608-30664-3.
^ Hutcheon, Robert (1996). China-Yellow. The Chinese University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-9-622-01725-2.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2001). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-195-13525-1.
^ Marks 2011, p. 127.

[1] Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2008). The Tai-Kadai Languages. Routledge (published August 20, 2008). p. 9. ISBN 978-0-700-71457-5.
Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907. University of Hawaiʻi Press (published May 1, 2001). p. 150. ISBN 978-0-824-82465-5.
Diller, Anthony (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-415-68847-5.
Wang, William (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-199-85633-6.
Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier". In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.). East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-0-921-49009-8.

[Hsu_2012_193–194-2] Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.). China: A Religious State. Columbia University Press (published June 19, 2012). pp. 193–194.

[Meacham-3] Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the Hundred Yue". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 15: 93–100. doi:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 (inactive 2024-03-27).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)

[4] Barlow, Jeffrey G. (1997). "Culture, ethnic identity, and early weapons systems: the Sino-Vietnamese frontier". In Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Jay, Jennifer W. (eds.). East Asian cultural and historical perspectives: histories and society—culture and literatures. Research Institute for Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies, University of Alberta. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-921-49009-8.

[FOOTNOTEBrindley200313-5] Brindley 2003, p. 13.

[Carson_2016_23-6] Carson, Mike T. (2016). Archaeological Landscape Evolution: The Mariana Islands in the Asia-Pacific Region. Springer (published June 18, 2016). p. 23. ISBN 978-3-319-31399-3.

[Wiens1967-7] Wiens, Herold Jacob (1967). Han Chinese expansion in South China. Shoe String Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-608-30664-3.

[8] Hutcheon, Robert (1996). China-Yellow. The Chinese University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-9-622-01725-2.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2001). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-195-13525-1.

[FOOTNOTEMarks2011127-9] Marks 2011, p. 127.

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