The schematic symbol for the backward diode[1] annotated to show which side is P type and which is N; current flows most easily from N to P, backward relative to the arrow.Backward diode symbol according to IEEE 315
In semiconductor devices, a backward diode (also called back diode[2]) is a variation on a Zener diode or tunnel diode having a better conduction for small reverse biases (for example –0.1 to –0.6 V) than for forward bias voltages.
The reverse current in such a diode is by tunneling, which is also known as the tunnel effect.[3][4][5]
^Stanley William Amos, Roger S. Amos (1999). Newnes Dictionary of Electronics. Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-4331-5.
^Paul Horowitz, Winfield Hill (1989). The Art of Electronics, 2nd edition. p. 891.
^Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey (2006). A First Course in Electronics. Prentice Hall of India. ISBN 81-203-2776-4.
^S.L. Kakani (2004). Electronics Theory and Applications. New Age Intl. Ltd. ISBN 81-224-1536-9.
^Karlheinz Seeger (2004). Semiconductor Physics: An Introduction. Springer. ISBN 3-540-21957-9.
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