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Species of tree
Black mangrove
Black mangrove growing in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Acanthaceae
Genus:
Avicennia
Species:
A. germinans
Binomial name
Avicennia germinans
(L.) L.
Distribution of Avicennia germinans
Synonyms[2]
Avicennia africana P.Beauv.
Avicennia elliptica Thunb.
Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenke
Avicennia floridana Raf.
Avicennia floridana Gand.
Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke
Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke
Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenke
Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenke
Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke
Avicennia lamarckiana C.Presl
Avicennia meyeri Miq.
Avicennia nitida Jacq.
Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moc.
Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenke
Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.
Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntze
Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntze
Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.
Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.
Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunth
Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunth
Bontia germinans L.
Hilairanthus nitidus (Jacq.) Tiegh.
Hilairanthus tomentosus (Jacq.) Tiegh.
Not to be confused with mangroves from the genus Lumnitzera, which may also be known as black mangroves.
Avicennia germinans, the black mangrove,[3] is a shrub or small tree growing up to 12 meters (39 feet) in the acanthus family, Acanthaceae. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, on both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts, and on the Atlantic Coast of tropical Africa, where it thrives on the sandy and muddy shores where seawater reaches. It is common throughout coastal areas of Texas and Florida, and ranges as far north as southern Louisiana and northern Florida in the United States.
Like many other mangrove species, it reproduces by vivipary. Seeds are encased in a fruit, which reveals the germinated seedling when it falls into the water.
Unlike other mangrove species, it does not grow on prop roots, but possesses pneumatophores that allow its roots to breathe even when submerged. It is a hardy species and expels absorbed salt mainly from its leathery leaves.
The name "black mangrove" refers to the color of the trunk and heartwood. The leaves often appear whitish from the salt excreted at night and on cloudy days. It is often found in its native range with the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and the white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa). White mangroves grow inland from black mangroves, which themselves grow inland from red mangroves. The three species work together to stabilize the shoreline, provide buffers from storm surges, trap debris and detritus brought in by tides, and provide feeding, breeding, and nursery grounds for a great variety of fish, shellfish, birds, and other wildlife.
^Ellison, A.; Farnsworth, E.; Moore, G. (2010). "Avicennia germinans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T178811A7613866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178811A7613866.en. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
^"Avicennia germinans". Retrieved 2019-05-10.
^Madrid, Eric N.; Armitage, Anna R.; López-Portillo, Jorge (2014). "Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) vessel architecture is linked to chilling and salinity tolerance in the Gulf of Mexico". Frontiers in Plant Science. 5: 503. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00503. PMC 4176030. PMID 25309570.
and 28 Related for: Avicennia germinans information
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Juan (2019). "Contrasting colonization patterns of black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans (L.) L.) gene pools along the Mexican coasts". Journal of Biogeography...
diversity of species. Several mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle, Avicenniagerminans, Laguncularia racemosa and Conocarpus erectus), extensive seagrass...
the white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa and the black mangrove Avicenniagerminans, ascending the trees when the tide rises and descending to the exposed...
mangle), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), Black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans), and button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus). Also present are 'pygmy...
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mangle), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans). Sittee River Village has a population of 312. In 2001, the arrival...
of storms and providing transition habitats. Here black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) are the northernmost mangroves...
Three species of mangrove trees—red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicenniagerminans), and white (Laguncularia racemosa)—can be found in the Everglades...
removal in a closed silvofishery system using three mangrove species (Avicenniagerminans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle)". Marine Pollution...
which has been isolated from the surface of leaves from the mangrove Avicenniagerminans. "Species: Kushneria aurantia". LPSN.DSMZ.de. Sanchez-Porro, C.;...
in muddy areas with mangrove trees such as Laguncularia racemosa, Avicenniagerminans, and Rhizophora mangle. It reaches 45 cm (17.7 inches) in standard...
found near white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa), black mangroves (Avicenniagerminans), and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus) though often more seaward than...
and button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus). Black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans) and Avicennia bicolor may be found on higher, clay soils. Officially protected...
mangrove species that can be found on the coast are the black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and buttonwood mangrove...
trees that are considered mangroves: red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicenniagerminans), and white (Laguncularia racemosa), although all are from different...
occupying the areas permanently inundated by the tides. Black mangrove (Avicenniagerminans) is the second-most pervasive species and is generally found around...
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