Global InformationAutonomous Administration of North and East Syria information
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
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 Flag
 Emblema
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| Status | De facto autonomous region of Syria |
| Capital | Ayn Issa[1][2] 36°23′7″N 38°51′34″E / 36.38528°N 38.85944°E |
| Largest city | Raqqa |
| Official languages | See languages
All regions:
In the Jazira Region:
In the Manbij Region:
|
| Government | Federated semi-direct democracy |
• Co-Presidents | Îlham Ehmed[3]
Mansur Selum[4] |
• Co-Chairs | Amina Omar Riad Darar[5] |
| Legislature | Syrian Democratic Council |
| Autonomous region | |
• Transitional administration declared | 2013 |
• Cantons declare autonomy | January 2014 |
• Cantons declare federation | 17 March 2016 |
• New administration declared | 6 September 2018 |
| Area | |
• Total | 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)[6] |
| Population | |
• 2018 estimate | ≈2,000,000[7] |
| Currency | Syrian pound (SYP) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Driving side | right |
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The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava,[a] is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria.[13][14] It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor.[15][16][17] The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian civil war, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part.[18][19]
While entertaining some foreign relations, the region is neither officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria, state or other governments institutions except for the Catalan Parliament.[20][21][22] The AANES has widespread support for its universal democratic, sustainable, autonomous pluralist, equal, and feminist policies in dialogues with other parties and organizations.[23][24][25][26] Northeastern Syria is polyethnic and home to sizeable ethnic Kurdish, Arab, and Assyrian populations, with smaller communities of ethnic Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians, and Yazidis.[27][28][29]
The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially secular polity[30][31][32] with direct democratic ambitions based on democratic confederalism and libertarian socialism[33][34] promoting decentralization, gender equality,[35][36] environmental sustainability, social ecology, and pluralistic tolerance for religious, cultural, and political diversity, and that these values are mirrored in its constitution, society, and politics, stating it to be a model for a federalized Syria as a whole, rather than outright independence.[37][38][39][40][41] The region's administration has also been accused by partisan and non-partisan sources of authoritarianism, media censorship, forced disappearances, support of the Syrian government,[b] Kurdification, and displacement.[45] At the same time, the AANES has also been described by partisan and non-partisan sources as the most democratic system in Syria, with direct open elections, universal equality, respecting human rights within the region, as well as defense of minority and religious rights within Syria.[c]
The region has implemented a new social justice approach which emphasizes rehabilitation, empowerment, and social care over retribution. The death penalty was abolished. Prisons house mostly people charged with terrorist activity related to ISIL and other extremist groups, and are a large strain on the region's economy. The autonomous region is ruled by a coalition pursuing a model of economy that blends co-operative and market enterprise, through a system of local councils in minority, cultural, and religious representation. The AANES has by far the highest average salaries and standard of living throughout Syria, with salaries being twice as large as in regime-controlled Syria; following the collapse of the Syrian pound the AANES doubled salaries to maintain inflation, and allow for good wages. Independent organizations providing healthcare in the region include the Kurdish Red Crescent,[52] the Syrian American Medical Society,[53] the Free Burma Rangers,[54] and Doctors Without Borders.[55]
Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces have occupied parts of northern Syria through a series of military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have stated they will defend all regions of autonomous administration from any aggression.[56][57]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
kurdistan24newadminwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (23 November 2019). "Turkish-backed groups launch attack near strategic Syrian town of Ain Issa". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ Fetah, Vîviyan (17 July 2018). "Îlham Ehmed: Dê rêxistinên me li Şamê jî ava bibin". rudaw.net (in Kurdish). Rudaw Media Network. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ "Syrian Kurds declare new federation in bid for recognition". Middle East Eye. 17 March 2016.
- ^ "Amina Omar ,Ryad Derrar elected as co-chairs of MSD - ANHA | HAWARNEWS | English". Hawarnews.com. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ "War Statistics / Syrian War Statistics – Syrian Civil War Map". Syrian Civil War Map – Live Middle East Map/ Map of the Syrian Civil War. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
- ^ Fabrice Balanche. "Sectarianism in Syria's Civil War" (PDF). The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ Lister (2015), p. 154.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 89.
- ^ "'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead". Kurdistan24.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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morningstarwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 11, 95.
- ^ Zabad (2017), pp. 219, 228.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 97–98.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
electionsregionswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region". Cantonafrin.com. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ^ "Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps". BBC News. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region". TheNewArab. 31 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
russia-mediateswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Umar: Catalonian recognition of AANES is the beginning". Hawar News Agency. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (21 October 2021). "Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria". Kurdistan24. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ a b Shahvisi, Arianne (2018). "Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava" (PDF). Geopolitics. 26 (4): 1–25. doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1554564. S2CID 149972015.
- ^ "German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic". ANF News.
- ^ Şimşek, Bahar; Jongerden, Joost (29 October 2018). "Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics". Geopolitics. 26 (4): 1023–1045. doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1531283. hdl:1887/87090.
- ^ Burç, Rosa (22 May 2020). "Non-territorial autonomy and gender equality: The case of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - Rojava" (PDF). Philosophy and Society. 31 (3): 277–448. doi:10.2298/FID2003319B. S2CID 226412887.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. xviii, 112.
- ^ Zabad (2017), pp. 219, 228–229.
- ^ Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-62963-651-1.
Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. xviii, 66, 200.
- ^ "Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage". ARA News. 20 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Dawronoyewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Colella, Chris (Winter 2017). "The Rojava Revolution: Oil, Water, and Liberation – Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation". Commodities, Conflict, and Cooperation. Evergreen State College. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, David, eds. (2017). "Preface". Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: PM Press. ISBN 978-1-62963-390-9.
- ^ Zabad (2017), p. 219.
- ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 156–163.
- ^ "PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular". ARA News. 28 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Ross, Carne (30 September 2015). "The Kurds' Democratic Experiment". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ In der Maur, Renée; Staal, Jonas (2015). "Introduction". Stateless Democracy (PDF). Utrecht: BAK. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-77288-22-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
- ^ Jongerden, Joost (6 December 2012). "Rethinking Politics and Democracy in the Middle East" (PDF). Ekurd.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MiddleEastEyewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 94, 130–131, 184.
- ^ "Syria 2022". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021.
- ^ "Syria: Events of 2021". Human Rights Watch. 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022.
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:4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Küçük, Bülent; Özselçuk, Ceren (1 January 2016). "The Rojava Experience: Possibilities and Challenges of Building a Democratic Life". South Atlantic Quarterly. 115 (1): 184–196. doi:10.1215/00382876-3425013 – via read.dukeupress.edu.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Gerber, Damian; Brincat, Shannon (2018). "When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism". Geopolitics. 26 (4): 1–25. doi:10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016. S2CID 150297675.
- ^ "NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR" (PDF). Imemo.ru. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ "RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND" (PDF). Repository.bilkent.edu.tr. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ "The medical care situation in Rojava - Cadus e.V. - Redefine Global Solidarity". Cadus.org. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ Smith, Noah (27 October 2019). "In Northern Syria, Destruction and Displacement Confront Health Workers". Direct Relief. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ Bachelard, Michael (4 November 2019). "Free Burma Rangers activist and medic killed by Turkish drone strike in Syria". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ "Syria Crisis: MSF provides healthcare to Syrians crossing into Iraqi Kurdistan | MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - MIDDLE EAST". Doctors Without Borders. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ "Kurdish-led SDF says Turkish invasion has revived IS, urges no-fly zone". Reuters. 12 October 2019.
- ^ "SDF-Turkey". Ahval. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
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