Global InformationAustralopithecus anamensis information
| Australopithecus anamensis Temporal range:
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| Reconstructed skull at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Genus: | †Australopithecus |
| Species: | †A. anamensis
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| Binomial name | |
| †Australopithecus anamensis M.G. Leakey et al., 1995
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| Synonyms | |
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Australopithecus anamensis is a hominin species that lived approximately between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago[1] and is the oldest known Australopithecus species,[2] living during the Plio-Pleistocene era.[3]
Nearly one hundred fossil specimens of A. anamensis are known from Kenya[4][5] and Ethiopia,[6] representing over twenty individuals. The first fossils of A. anamensis discovered, are dated to around 3.8 and 4.2 million years ago and were found in Kanapoi and Allia Bay in Northern Kenya.[7]
It is usually accepted that A. afarensis emerged within this lineage.[8] However, A. anamensis and A. afarensis appear to have lived side by side for at least some period of time, and it is not fully settled whether the lineage that led to extant humans emerged in A. afarensis, or directly in A. anamensis.[9][10][11] Fossil evidence determines that Australopithecus anamensis is the earliest hominin species in the Turkana Basin,[12] but likely co-existed with afarensis towards the end of its existence.[9][13] A. anamensis and A. afarensis may be treated as a single grouping.[14]
Preliminary analysis of the sole upper cranial fossil indicates A. anamensis had a smaller cranial capacity (estimated 365-370 c.c.) than A. afarensis.[9]
Hominin timeline | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
−10 — – −9 — – −8 — – −7 — – −6 — – −5 — – −4 — – −3 — – −2 — – −1 — – 0 — | Miocene Pliocene Pleistocene Hominini Nakalipithecus Samburupithecus Ouranopithecus (Ou. turkae) (Ou. macedoniensis) Chororapithecus Oreopithecus Sivapithecus Sahelanthropus Graecopithecus Orrorin (O. praegens) (O. tugenensis) Ardipithecus (Ar. kadabba) (Ar. ramidus) Australopithecus (Au. africanus) (Au. afarensis) (Au. anamensis) H. habilis (H. rudolfensis) (Au. garhi) H. erectus (H. antecessor) (H. ergaster) (Au. sediba) H. heidelbergensis Homo sapiens Neanderthals Denisovans |
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- ^ RFI Afrique par Simon Rozé Publié le 28-08-2019 Modifié le 29-08-2019 à 11:00, http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190828-ethiopie-decouverte-plus-vieux-fossile-australopitheque
- ^ Haile-Selassie, Y (27 October 2010). "Phylogeny of early Australopithecus: new fossil evidence from the Woranso-Mille (central Afar, Ethiopia)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1556): 3323–3331. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0064. PMC 2981958. PMID 20855306.
- ^ Lewis, Barry; et al. (2013). Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Leakey, Meave G.; Feibel, Craig S.; MacDougall, Ian; Walker, Alan (17 August 1995). "New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya". Nature. 376 (6541): 565–571. Bibcode:1995Natur.376..565L. doi:10.1038/376565a0. PMID 7637803. S2CID 4340999.
- ^ Leakey, Meave G.; Feibel, Craig S.; MacDougall, Ian; Ward, Carol; Walker, Alan (7 May 1998). "New specimens and confirmation of an early age for Australopithecus anamensis". Nature. 393 (6680): 62–66. Bibcode:1998Natur.393...62L. doi:10.1038/29972. PMID 9590689. S2CID 4398072.
- ^ White, Tim D.; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Asfaw, Berhane; Ambrose, Stan; Beyene, Yonas; Bernor, Raymond L.; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Currie, Brian; Gilbert, Henry; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Hart, William K.; Hlusko, Leslea J.; Howell, F. Clark; Kono, Reiko T.; Lehmann, Thomas; Louchart, Antoine; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Renne, Paul R.; Saegusa, Hauro; Vrba, Elisabeth S.; Wesselman, Hank; Suwa, Gen (13 April 2006). "Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus". Nature. 440 (7086): 883–9. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..883W. doi:10.1038/nature04629. PMID 16612373. S2CID 4373806.
- ^ Ward, Carol; Leakey, Meave; Walker, Alan (1999). "The new hominid species Australopithecus anamensis". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 7 (6): 197–205. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:6<197::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-T. ISSN 1520-6505. S2CID 84278748.
- ^ Kimbel, William H.; Lockwood, Charles A.; Ward, Carol V.; Leakey, Meave G.; Rake, Yoel; Johanson, Donald C. (2006). "Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the hominin fossil record". Journal of Human Evolution. 51 (2): 134–152. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.003. PMID 16630646.
- ^ a b c Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Melillo, Stephanie M.; Vazzana, Antonino; Benazzi, Stefano; Ryan, Timothy M. (2019). "A 3.8-million-year-old hominin cranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia". Nature. 573 (7773): 214–219. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..214H. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1513-8. hdl:11585/697577. PMID 31462770. S2CID 201656331.
- ^ Price, Michael (2019-08-28). "Stunning ancient skull shakes up human family tree". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ "Skull discovery 'a game changer' in understanding of human evolution". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
- ^ Cerling, Thure E.; Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo; Mbua, Emma N.; Leakey, Louise N.; Leakey, Meave G.; Leakey, Richard E.; Brown, Francis H.; Grine, Frederick E.; Hart, John A.; Kalemeg, Prince; Roche, Hélène; Uno, Kevin T.; Wood, Bernard A. (June 25, 2013). "Stable isotope-based diet reconstructions of Turkana Basin hominins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (26): 10501–10506. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11010501C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222568110. PMC 3696807. PMID 23733966.
- ^ Hanegraef, Hester (4 September 2019). "How the skull of humanity's oldest known ancestor is changing our understanding of evolution". The Conversation. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ Du, Andrew; Rowan, John; Wang, Steve C.; Wood, Bernard A.; Alemseged, Zeresenay (2020-01-01). "Statistical estimates of hominin origination and extinction dates: A case study examining the Australopithecus anamensis–afarensis lineage". Journal of Human Evolution. 138: 102688. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102688. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 31759257.