Weather condition in which water droplets freeze onto objects they come in contact with
Atmospheric icing occurs in the atmosphere when water droplets suspended in air freeze on objects they come in contact with. It is not the same as freezing rain, which is caused directly by precipitation. Icing conditions can be particularly dangerous to aircraft, as the built-up ice changes the aerodynamics of the flight surfaces and airframe, which can increase the risk of a stall and potentially accidents. For this reason, on-board ice protection systems have been developed on aircraft intended to fly through these conditions.
Water does not always freeze at 0 °C (32 °F). Water that persists in liquid state below this temperature is said to be supercooled, and supercooled water droplets cause icing on aircraft. Below −20 °C (−4 °F), icing is rare because clouds at these temperatures usually consist of ice particles rather than supercooled water droplets. Below −48 °C (−54 °F), supercooled water always freezes; therefore, icing is impossible.[1]
Atmospheric icing also occurs on towers, wind turbines, boats, oil rigs, and trees. Unmanned aircraft are particularly sensitive to icing.[2] In cold climates, particularly those at higher elevations, atmospheric icing is common in winter as elevated terrain interacts with supercooled clouds that can cause icing on contact.[3] Ice loads are a major cause of catastrophic failures of overhead electrical power lines, as power lines can break under the sheer weight of accumulated ice. Therefore, estimation of maximum potential ice load is crucial in the structural design of power line systems to withstand ice loads,[4] and this can be done with numerical icing models and examples that include meteorological data.[5]
^Moore, Emily; Valeria Molinero (24 November 2011). "structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice". Nature. 479 (7374): 506–508. arXiv:1107.1622. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..506M. doi:10.1038/nature10586. PMID 22113691. S2CID 1784703.
^Hann, Richard; Johansen, Tor (2020). "Unsettled Topics in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Icing (EPR2020008 Research Report) - SAE Mobilus". saemobilus.sae.org. doi:10.4271/epr2020008. hdl:11250/3113980. S2CID 226200723. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
^Yang, Jing; Jones, Kathleen F.; Yu, Wei; Morris, Robert (2012-09-08). "Simulation of in-cloud icing events on Mount Washington with the GEM-LAM". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D17): n/a. Bibcode:2012JGRD..11717204Y. doi:10.1029/2012jd017520. ISSN 0148-0227.
^Farzaneh, M. (2008) Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, 381 p. ISBN 978-1-4020-8530-7
^Makkonen, L. (2000) Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow deposits on structures. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A, 358 (1776): 2913-2939.
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interviews with passengers and footage from the investigation hearing. Atmosphericicing Ice protection system Maclean's: Pointing the finger. Vol. 105. Rogers...
oceans. Aircraft use thermometers and hygrometers to determine if atmosphericicing conditions exist along their flight path. These measurements are used...
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the accident Accident Date 21 November 2004 (2004-11-21) Summary Atmosphericicing leading to loss of control Site Baotou Erliban Airport, Baotou, Inner...
limbs and power lines, causing them to break Farzaneh, Masoud (2008), AtmosphericIcing of Power Networks, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 141, ISBN 9781402085314...
Shortly after reaching 14,000 feet (4,300 m), the aircraft experienced atmosphericicing, which was indicated when the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) recorded...
space environment vacuum chamber. The icing Research Tunnel is a wind tunnel capable of simulating atmosphericicing condition to test the effect of ice...
during takeoff, probably due to being overweight and experiencing atmosphericicing; there were no survivors. The crash was, and remains, as of April 2024[update]...