Global InformationAtmosphere of Mars information
 Image of Mars and its thin atmosphere, photographed by Emirates Mars Mission | |
| General information[2] | |
|---|---|
| Average surface pressure | 610 Pa (0.088 psi; 4.6 mmHg; 0.0060 atm) |
| Mass | 2.5x1016 kg[1] |
| Composition[3][4] | |
| Carbon dioxide | 95% |
| Nitrogen | 2.8% |
| Argon | 2% |
| Oxygen | 0.174% |
| Carbon monoxide | 0.0747% |
| Water vapor | 0.03% (variable) |
The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars. It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95%), molecular nitrogen (2.85%), and argon (2%).[3] It also contains trace levels of water vapor, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and noble gases.[3][5][2] The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner and colder than Earth's having a max density 20g/m3 (about 2% of Earth’s value) with a temperature generally below zero down to -60 Celsius. The average surface pressure is about 610 pascals (0.088 psi) which is less than 1% of the Earth's value.[2]
The currently thin Martian atmosphere prohibits the existence of liquid water on the surface of Mars, but many studies suggest that the Martian atmosphere was much thicker in the past.[4] The higher density during spring and fall is reduced by 25% during the winter when carbon dioxide partly freezes at the pole caps.[6] The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to the density found 35 km (22 mi) above the Earth's surface and is ≈0.020 kg/m3.[7] The atmosphere of Mars has been losing mass to space since the planet's core slowed down, and the leakage of gases still continues today.[4][8][9]
The atmosphere of Mars is colder than Earth’s owing to the larger distance from the Sun, receiving less solar energy and has a lower effective temperature, which is about 210 K (−63 °C; −82 °F).[2] The average surface emission temperature of Mars is just 215 K (−58 °C; −73 °F), which is comparable to inland Antarctica.[2][4] Although Mars' atmosphere consists primarily of carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect in the Martian atmosphere is much weaker than Earth's: 5 °C (9.0 °F) on Mars, versus 33 °C (59 °F) on Earth due to the much lower density of carbon dioxide, leading to less greenhouse warming.[2][4] The daily range of temperature in the lower atmosphere presents ample variation due to the low thermal inertia; it can range from −75 °C (−103 °F) to near 0 °C (32 °F) near the surface in some regions.[2][4][10] The temperature of the upper part of the Martian atmosphere is also significantly lower than Earth's because of the absence of stratospheric ozone and the radiative cooling effect of carbon dioxide at higher altitudes.[4]
Dust devils and dust storms are prevalent on Mars, which are sometimes observable by telescopes from Earth,[11] and in 2018 even with the naked eye as a change in colour and brightness of the planet.[12] Planet-encircling dust storms (global dust storms) occur on average every 5.5 Earth years (every 3 Martian years) on Mars[4][11] and can threaten the operation of Mars rovers.[13] However, the mechanism responsible for the development of large dust storms is still not well understood.[14][15] It has been suggested to be loosely related to gravitational influence of both moons, somewhat similar to the creation of tides on Earth.
The Martian atmosphere is an oxidized atmosphere. The photochemical reactions in the atmosphere tend to oxidize the organic species and turn them into carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide.[4] Although the most sensitive methane probe on the recently launched ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter failed to find methane in the atmosphere over the whole of Mars,[16][17][18] several previous missions and ground-based telescopes detected unexpected levels of methane in the Martian atmosphere, which may even be a biosignature for life on Mars.[19][20][21] However, the interpretation of the measurements is still highly controversial and lacks a scientific consensus.[21][22]
- ^ "Mars Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Haberle, R. M. (1 January 2015), "SOLAR SYSTEM/SUN, ATMOSPHERES, EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERES | Planetary Atmospheres: Mars", in North, Gerald R.; Pyle, John; Zhang, Fuqing (eds.), Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Second Edition), Academic Press, pp. 168–177, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382225-3.00312-1, ISBN 9780123822253
- ^ a b c Franz, Heather B.; Trainer, Melissa G.; Malespin, Charles A.; Mahaffy, Paul R.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Becker, Richard H.; Benna, Mehdi; Conrad, Pamela G.; Eigenbrode, Jennifer L. (1 April 2017). "Initial SAM calibration gas experiments on Mars: Quadrupole mass spectrometer results and implications". Planetary and Space Science. 138: 44–54. Bibcode:2017P&SS..138...44F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2017.01.014. ISSN 0032-0633.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Catling, David C. (2017). Atmospheric evolution on inhabited and lifeless worlds. Kasting, James F. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:2017aeil.book.....C. ISBN 9780521844123. OCLC 956434982.
- ^ "Mars Fact Sheet". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ^ "Weather, Weather, Everywhere?". Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ "Mars Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
- ^ Jakosky, B. M.; Brain, D.; Chaffin, M.; Curry, S.; Deighan, J.; Grebowsky, J.; Halekas, J.; Leblanc, F.; Lillis, R. (15 November 2018). "Loss of the Martian atmosphere to space: Present-day loss rates determined from MAVEN observations and integrated loss through time". Icarus. 315: 146–157. Bibcode:2018Icar..315..146J. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.030. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 125410604.
- ^ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's MAVEN Reveals Most of Mars' Atmosphere Was Lost to Space". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Temperature extremes on Mars". phys.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ^ a b Hille, Karl (18 September 2015). "The Fact and Fiction of Martian Dust Storms". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/is-the-mars-opposition-already-over/[Normally reddish-orange or even pink, Mars now glows pumpkin-orange. Even my eyes can see the difference. ALPO assistant coordinator Richard Schmude has also noted an increase in brightness of ≈0.2 magnitude concurrent with the color change.]
- ^ Greicius, Tony (8 June 2018). "Opportunity Hunkers Down During Dust Storm". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
- ^ Kok, Jasper F; Parteli, Eric J R; Michaels, Timothy I; Karam, Diana Bou (14 September 2012). "The physics of wind-blown sand and dust". Reports on Progress in Physics. 75 (10): 106901. arXiv:1201.4353. Bibcode:2012RPPh...75j6901K. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/10/106901. ISSN 0034-4885. PMID 22982806. S2CID 206021236.
- ^ Toigo, Anthony D.; Richardson, Mark I.; Wang, Huiqun; Guzewich, Scott D.; Newman, Claire E. (1 March 2018). "The cascade from local to global dust storms on Mars: Temporal and spatial thresholds on thermal and dynamical feedback". Icarus. 302: 514–536. Bibcode:2018Icar..302..514T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.032. ISSN 0019-1035.
- ^ Vago, Jorge L.; Svedhem, Håkan; Zelenyi, Lev; Etiope, Giuseppe; Wilson, Colin F.; López-Moreno, Jose-Juan; Bellucci, Giancarlo; Patel, Manish R.; Neefs, Eddy (April 2019). "No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations" (PDF). Nature. 568 (7753): 517–520. Bibcode:2019Natur.568..517K. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1096-4. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30971829. S2CID 106411228. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ esa. "First results from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
- ^ Weule, Genelle (11 April 2019). "Mars methane mystery thickens as newest probe fails to find the gas". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
- ^ Formisano, Vittorio; Atreya, Sushil; Encrenaz, Thérèse; Ignatiev, Nikolai; Giuranna, Marco (3 December 2004). "Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars". Science. 306 (5702): 1758–1761. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1758F. doi:10.1126/science.1101732. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15514118. S2CID 13533388.
- ^ Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1093W. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0131. PMID 29880682.
- ^ a b Yung, Yuk L.; Chen, Pin; Nealson, Kenneth; Atreya, Sushil; Beckett, Patrick; Blank, Jennifer G.; Ehlmann, Bethany; Eiler, John; Etiope, Giuseppe (19 September 2018). "Methane on Mars and Habitability: Challenges and Responses". Astrobiology. 18 (10): 1221–1242. Bibcode:2018AsBio..18.1221Y. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1917. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 6205098. PMID 30234380.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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