An arsenical keratosis is a growth of keratin on the skin caused by arsenic,[1]: 725 which occurs naturally in the Earth's crust and is widely distributed in the environment,[2] Arsenical compounds are used in industrial, agricultural, and medicinal substances. Arsenic is also found to be an environmental contaminant in drinking water (well water) and an occupational hazard for miners and glass workers.[3]: 640 Arsenic may also causes other conditions including: Bowen's disease,[4] cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic disorders, and various types of cancer.[5] Arsenical keratoses may persist indefinitely, and some may develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic arsenic squamous cell carcinoma and arsenic-induced malignancies in internal organs such as the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon, may result in death.[5]
^Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
^Duker AA, Carranza EJ, Hale M (July 2005). "Arsenic geochemistry and health". Environ Int. 31 (5): 631–41. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.020. PMID 15910959.
^James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^Yerebakan O, Ermis O, Yilmaz E, Basaran E (February 2002). "Treatment of arsenical keratosis and Bowen's disease with acitretin". Int. J. Dermatol.41 (2): 84–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01372.x. PMID 11982642.
^ abTchounwou PB, Centeno JA, Patlolla AK (January 2004). "Arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis--a health risk assessment and management approach" (PDF). Mol. Cell. Biochem.255 (1–2): 47–55. doi:10.1023/B:MCBI.0000007260.32981.b9. PMID 14971645.
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