The Arctic Five[1][2][3] are the five littoral states bordering the Arctic Ocean: Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia and the United States.[4]
Arctic five states
Competing narratives exist regarding international governance of the Arctic.[5] There is debate over whether the principal actors should be the Arctic Five, the Arctic Council (the Arctic Five plus Finland, Iceland and Sweden) or a larger group of states.[6] In 2008, the Arctic Five concluded the Ilulissat Declaration causing concern among those not invited. The Arctic Council is perhaps the most important of the bodies involved in Arctic governance.[7] In a briefing note prepared for the 2016 Arctic Yearbook, Andreas Kuersten acknowledges a widespread view that the Arctic Five is usurping the Arctic Council's central position, but concludes that the two groups can complement one another in positive ways.[8]
^Klauss Dodds (2014). "Squaring the Circle: The Arctic States, "Law of the Sea," and the Arctic Ocean". Eurasia Border Review. 5 (1): 113–124. These five states – Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, Russia, and the United States – comprise the Arctic Five.
^"Commercial fishing banned in central Arctic Ocean as countries look to build scientific knowledge". July 13, 2021.
^"Arctic Five and fishing nations ban fishing". August 27, 2021.
^"Iceland". Iceland is generally not regarded as an Arctic Ocean littoral State as its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is not adjacent to the high seas portion of the Central Arctic Ocean.
^Auerswald 2020, p. 252.
^Hønneland 2016, p. 19.
^Douglas C. Nord (2016). The Arctic Council: Governance within the Far North. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-315-75619-6.
^Andreas Kuersten (2016). "Briefing note: The Arctic Five Versus the Arctic Council" (PDF). Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security of the University of the Arctic.
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