Bighorn sheep migrate between high mountains, where they are safer from predators, and valleys where there is more food in winter.
Altitudinal migration is a short-distance animal migration from lower altitudes to higher altitudes and back.[1][2] Altitudinal migrants change their elevation with the seasons making this form of animal migration seasonal.[3][4] Altitudinal migration can be most commonly observed in species inhabiting temperate or tropical ecosystems.[3] This behavior is commonly seen among avian species but can also be observed within other vertebrates and some invertebrates.[5][6][7] It is commonly thought to happen in response to climate and food availability changes as well as increasingly due to anthropogenic influence.[5][8] These migrations can occur both during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons.[9]
The patterns of altitudinal migration may be affected by climate change resulting in potentially life-threatening situations for some species.[10] Deforestation can affect the migration corridors of altitudinal migrant and could lead to smaller areas for these species to migrate.[11] Changes in the environment of altitudinally migrating species can also affect seed dispersal.[12]
^Boyle, W. Alice; Conway, Courtney J.; Bronstein, Judith L. (13 July 2013). "Why do some, but not all, tropical birds migrate? A comparative study of diet breadth and fruit preference". Evolutionary Ecology. 25: 219–236. doi:10.1007/s10682-010-9403-4. S2CID 7516649.
^Boyle, W. Alice; Norris, Ryan D.; Guglielmo, Christopher G. (2010). "Storms drive altitudinal migration in a tropical bird". Proc. R. Soc. B. 277 (1693): 2511–2519. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0344. PMC 2894928. PMID 20375047.
^ abHsiung, An C.; Boyle, W. Alice; Cooper, Robert J.; Chandler, Richard B. (2018). "Altitudinal migration: ecological drivers, knowledge gaps, and conservation implications". Biological Reviews. 93 (4): 2049–2070. doi:10.1111/brv.12435. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 29877015. S2CID 46975727.
^Boyle, W. Alice (March 2017). "Altitudinal bird migration in North America". The Auk. 134 (2): 443–465. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-228.1. hdl:2097/38310. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 73720706.
^ abHobson, Keith A.; Wassenaar, Len I.; Milá, Borja; Lovette, Irby; Dingle, Caroline; Smith, Thomas B. (20 May 2003). "Stable isotopes as indicators of altitudinal distributions and movements in an Ecuadorean hummingbird community". Community Ecology. 136 (2): 302–308. Bibcode:2003Oecol.136..302H. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1271-y. PMID 12756525. S2CID 12937433.
^McGuire, Liam P.; Boyle, W. Alice (11 March 2013). "Altitudinal migration in bats: evidence, patterns, and drivers". Biological Reviews. 88 (4): 767–786. doi:10.1111/brv.12024. hdl:2097/17273. PMID 23480862. S2CID 11783243.
^Kimura, Masahito T. (March 2021). "Altitudinal migration of insects". Entomological Science. 24 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1111/ens.12444. ISSN 1343-8786. S2CID 228974217.
^Fothergill, Alastair (2006). Planet Earth: The Future-Saving Species. BBC Natural History Unit.
^Park, Chris (2007). A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation. University of Florida: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198609957.001.0001. ISBN 9780198609957.
^Inouye, David W.; Barr, Billy; Armitage, Kenneth B.; Inouye, Brian D. (15 February 2000). "Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (4): 1630–1633. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1630. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 26486. PMID 10677510.
^Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia; Pimm, Stuart L. (7 December 2015). "Elevational Ranges of Montane Birds and Deforestation in the Western Andes of Colombia". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0143311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4671720. PMID 26641477.
^Loiselle, Bette A.; Blake, John G. (1992). "Population Variation in a Tropical Bird Community". BioScience. 42 (11): 838–845. doi:10.2307/1312083. ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1312083.
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