Global InformationAhmad Shah Durrani information
| Ahmad Shah Durrani احمد شاه دراني | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padishah Ghazi Shāh Durr-i-Durrān ("King, Pearl of Pearls") | |||||||||
 Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani, c. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France | |||||||||
| 1st Emir of the Durrani Empire | |||||||||
| Reign | 1747–1772 | ||||||||
| Coronation | June 1747[1] | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Position established | ||||||||
| Successor | Timur Shah Durrani | ||||||||
| Born | Ahmad Khan Abdali 1720–1722[2]: 287 Herat, Sadozai Sultanate of Herat (present-day Afghanistan)[3][4] or Multan, Multan Subah, Punjab, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)[5][6][7] | ||||||||
| Died | (aged 49–52)[2]: 409 Maruf, Kandahar Province, Durrani Empire (present-day Afghanistan) | ||||||||
| Burial | June 1772 Tomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani, Kandahar, Afghanistan 31°37′10″N 65°42′25″E / 31.61944°N 65.70694°E | ||||||||
| Spouse | Hazrat Begum (m. 1757)Iffat-un-Nissa Begum
(m. 1757) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Dynasty | House of Durrani | ||||||||
| Father | Mohammad Zaman Khan Abdali | ||||||||
| Mother | Zarghona Anaa[8] | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
| Royal seal |  | ||||||||
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني; Persian: احمد شاه درانی), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (Pashto: احمد شاه ابدالي), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is often regarded as the founder of the modern Afghanistan.[9][10][11] In June 1747, he was appointed as King of the Afghans by a loya jirga in Kandahar, where he set up his capital.[12]
Primarily with the support of the Pashtun tribes,[13] Ahmad Shah pushed eastward to the Mughal and Maratha Empires of India, westward to the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Iran, and northward to the Khanate of Bukhara of Turkestan. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.[14][10][15]
Soon after accession, Ahmad Shah adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls", and changed the name of his "Tareen" Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself. His tomb is in the center of Kandahar, adjacent to Kirka Sharif (Shrine of the Cloak), which contains a cloak believed to have been worn by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Afghans often call him Ahmad Shāh Bābā, "Ahmad Shah the Father".[16][17][18]
- ^ Khān, Tahmās (1967). Tahmas Nama, the Autobiography of a Slave. Popular Prakashan. p. 7. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
When Ahmad Shah had, on the death of Nadir Shah declared his independence at Quandahar (June 1747)...
- ^ a b Nejatie, Sajjad (2017). The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān (PhD). University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
- ^ Nejatie, Sajjad (2017). The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān (PhD). University of Toronto. p. 293. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
The fact that numerous sources composed in the ruler's lifetime consistently connect him in his youth to Herat justifies the stance of Ghubār and others that Aḥmad Shāh was, in fact, born in the Herat region, around the time his father passed away and when the Abdālī leadership still exercised authority over the province.
- ^ Afghanistan In The Course of History us.archive.org
- ^ Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (2008). Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0804777773.
Ahmad Shah (ruled 1747–72), the ephemeral empire's founder, was born in Multan in 1722.
- ^ Nölle-Karimi, Christine. "Afghanistan until 1747". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
It was in Multan that the future Aḥmad Shāh Sadūzāʾī was born of Khudādād's lineage.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (2013). Return of a King: The battle for Afghanistan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1408818305.
Ahmad Shah Abdali (1722–72): Born in Multan, Ahmad Shah rose to power in the service of the Persian warlord Nadir Shah.
- ^ "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?". 1 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2020 – via www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ a b Friedrich Engels (1857). "Afghanistan". Andy Blunden. The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ Nejatie, Sajjad (2017). The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān (PhD). University of Toronto. p. 293. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
According to the Taẕkira of Anand Ram "Mukhliṣ," He issued a royal edict on 15 July 1747, appointing Muḥammad Hāshim Afrīdī as chief of the Afrīdī of the Peshawar region. This appears to affirm that his accession took place no later than mid-July.
- ^ D. Balland. "Afghanistan: x. Political History". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 1982. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Aḥmad Shah Durrānī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ Chayes, Sarah (2006). The Punishment of Virtue: Inside Afghanistan After the Taliban. Univ. of Queensland Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ Singh, Ganḍā (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Publishing House. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4021-7278-6. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Ahmad Shah Abdali". Abdullah Qazi. Afghanistan Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Afghans refer to him as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah, the father).
- ^ Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7. Retrieved 23 September 2010.