The Affad Basin is a region located in the Middle Nile Valley.[1] Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan,[2] which hosts "the well-preserved remains of prehistoric camps (relics of the oldest open-air hut in the world) and diverse hunting and gathering loci some 50,000 years old".[3][4] Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on the African continent. A large skull fragment and a nearly complete horn core of an auroch, a wild ancestor of domestic cattle, were discovered at sites dating back 50,000 years and associated with the MSA. These are the oldest remains of the auroch in Sudan, and they also mark the southernmost range of this species in the world."[5] Based on the cattle (Bos) remains found at Affad and Letti, Osypiński (2022) indicates that it is "justified to raise again the issue of the origin of cattle in Northeast Africa. The idea of domestic cattle in Africa coming from the Fertile Crescent exclusively is now seen as having serious shortcomings."[6]
^Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2016). "Animal Exploitation and Behaviour of the Latest Middle Stone Age Societies in the Middle Nile Valley: Archaeozoological and Taphonomic Analysis of Late Pleistocene Fauna from the Affad Basin, Sudan". African Archaeological Review. 33: 107–127. doi:10.1007/S10437-016-9220-4. ISSN 0263-0338. JSTOR 43916782. OCLC 6224530721. S2CID 131837745.
^Cite error: The named reference Osypiński was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Osypiński II was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference PalaeoAffad Project II was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Osypińska & Osypiński 2021, p. 460.
^Cite error: The named reference Osypiński III was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The AffadBasin is a region located in the Middle Nile Valley. Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach...
old Nile channels in the Northern Dongola Reach. Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan...
glaciation period. Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in alluvial deposits formed by an ancient channel of the Nile in the Affad region of southern...
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on...
Tiemassas, Senegal; Lower Senegal River Valley). Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan...
(2013–2020)– and the current War in Sudan (2023–present). Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan...
Osypińska (2021) indicates that an "archaeozoological discovery made at Affad turned out to be of great importance for the entire history of cattle on...
wider regions of the Sahel zone and East Africa. Affad 23 is an archaeological site located in the Affad region of southern Dongola Reach in northern Sudan...
domestication lie most likely in areas of the Sudanese Nile Valley (e.g., Affad). Several discoveries at Letti, in Sudan, suggest early burial and domestication...
Middle or Late Pleistocene. Late Pleistocene aurochs fossils were found in Affad 23 in Sudan dating to 50,000 years ago when the climate in this region was...
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