Changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from adolescence
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Adult development encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging.[1] Biological changes influence psychological and interpersonal/social developmental changes, which are often described by stage theories of human development. Stage theories typically focus on "age-appropriate" developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life.
The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition of an adult is a person who is fully grown or developed. This is referred to as the age of majority, which is age 18 in most cultures, although there is a variation from 15 to 21. The socio-cultural definition of being an adult is based on what a culture normatively views as being the required criteria for adulthood, which in turn, influences the lives of individuals within that culture. This may or may not coincide with the legal definition.[2] Current views on adult development in late life focus on the concept of successful aging, defined as "...low probability of disease and disease-related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, and active engagement with life."[3]
Biomedical theories hold that one can age successfully by caring for physical health and minimizing loss in function, whereas psychosocial theories posit that capitalizing upon social and cognitive resources, such as a positive attitude or social support from neighbors, family, and friends, is key to aging successfully.[4] Jeanne Louise Calment exemplifies successful aging as the longest living person, dying at 122 years old. Her long life can be attributed to her genetics (both parents lived into their 80s), her active lifestyle and an optimistic attitude.[5][6] She enjoyed many hobbies and physical activities, and believed that laughter contributed to her longevity. She poured olive oil on all of her food and skin, which she believed also contributed to her long life and youthful appearance.[7]
^Hayflick, Leonard (November 1998). "How and why we age". Experimental Gerontology. 33 (7–8): 639–653. doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(98)00023-0. PMID 9951612. S2CID 34114351.
^Robinson, Oliver (2012). Development through Adulthood: An Integrative Sourcebook. Macmillan Education UK. ISBN 978-0-230-29799-9.[page needed]
^Rowe, J. W.; Kahn, R. L. (1 August 1997). "Successful Aging". The Gerontologist. 37 (4): 433–440. doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433. PMID 9279031.
^Bowling, Ann; Dieppe, Paul (24 December 2005). "What is successful ageing and who should define it?". BMJ. 331 (7531): 1548–1551. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1548. PMC 1322264. PMID 16373748.
^Danner, Deborah D.; Snowdon, David A.; Friesen, Wallace V. (2001). "Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 80 (5): 804–813. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804. PMID 11374751.
^Diener, Ed; Chan, Micaela Y. (March 2011). "Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 3 (1): 1–43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x. S2CID 13490264.
^Young, Robert (2020-02-01). "If Jeanne Calment Were 122, That Is All the More Reason for Biosampling". Rejuvenation Research. 23 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1089/rej.2020.2303. ISSN 1549-1684. PMID 31928204.
Adultdevelopment encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of...
legal rights, country, and psychological development. Human adulthood encompasses psychological adultdevelopment. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent...
opinions on what qualifies as a young adult vary, with works such as Erik Erikson's stages of human development significantly influencing the definition...
Positive adultdevelopment is a subfield of developmental psychology that studies positive development during adulthood. It is one of four major forms...
Study is an 85-year continuing longitudinal study from the Study of AdultDevelopment at Harvard Medical School, started in 1938. It has followed 268 Harvard-educated...
support positive adultdevelopment at the individual level in organizations.[need quotation to verify] Among other things, personal development may include...
called "development" Adultdevelopment, between adolescence and the end of life Child development, between birth and the end of adolescence Development (journal)...
during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilization...
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years...
infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adultdevelopment, aging, and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to...
The Society for Research in AdultDevelopment (SRAD) was formed in 1981. It held its first symposium that year at Harvard University on the 15th floor...
Research in AdultDevelopment (ESRAD) includes people from all disciplines who are interested in positive adultdevelopment. Positive adultdevelopment refers...
common problem in adult education in the US is the lack of professional development opportunities for adult educators. Most adult educators come from...
emerging adults, it is common for worldviews to change as they explore jobs, interests, and their personal identity as they continue cognitive development Those...
Adult Swim (stylized as [adult swim] since 2003, and also abbreviated as [as]) is an American programming block broadcast by the American basic cable channel...
Adult contemporary music (AC) is a form of radio-played popular music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy...
according to Vaillant (2012): in his 75-year longitudinal study on adultdevelopment, he found midlife crises were rare experiences for people involved...
(1 March 2013). "The Holistic Phase Model of Early Adult Crisis". Journal of AdultDevelopment. 20 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1007/s10804-013-9153-y. ISSN 1573-3440...
methodology of CDF is grounded in empirical research on positive adultdevelopment which began under Lawrence Kohlberg in the 1960s, continued by Robert...
Young adult literature (YA) is typically written for readers aged 12 to 18 and includes most of the themes found in adult fiction, such as friendship...
Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of the ability to consciously cognize, understand, and articulate their understanding in adult terms. Cognitive...
Adultism is the abuse of the power that adults have over children. It has been defined as "the power adults have over children", "prejudice and accompanying...
professional development and organization development. He was the William and Miriam Meehan Professor in Adult Learning and Professional Development at Harvard...
role-play in an acceptable manner in society. Robert Kegan’s theory of adultdevelopment plays a role in understanding role theory. Three pivotal sections...
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