1909 massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims
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Adana massacre
Part of the persecution of Armenians, persecution of Assyrians and the late Ottoman genocides
A street in the Christian quarter of Adana, photographed in June 1909.
Location
Adana, Ottoman Empire
Date
April 1909
Target
Mainly Armenian civilians, some Greeks and Assyrians[1]
Attack type
Pogrom[2]
Deaths
20,000,[3] mostly Armenians
Perpetrator
Young Turks, Muslim mobs
Motive
Anti-Christian sentiment, Racism
The Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած, Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. A massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province.[4] Around 20,000 to 25,000 people were killed in Adana and surrounding towns, mostly Armenians;[5] it was reported that about 1,300 Assyrians were also killed during the massacres.[6] Unlike the earlier Hamidian massacres, the events were not organized by the central government but instead instigated by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) supporters in Adana. Professor of History Ronald Grigor Suny from the University of Michigan describes Adana as "more like an urban riot that degenerated into a pogrom rather than a state-initiated mass killing".[2]
Ottoman and Armenian revolutionary groups had cooperated to secure the deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the restoration of constitutional rule in 1908. In reaction, on March 31, 1909 (April 13 by the Western Gregorian calendar) a military revolt directed against the CUP seized Constantinople (Istanbul after 1928). While the revolt lasted only ten days, it precipitated a pogrom and massacres in Adana Province against Armenians that lasted over a month.
The massacres were rooted in political, economic, and religious differences.[7] The Armenian segment of the population of Adana was described as the "richest and most prosperous"; the violence included destruction of "tractors and other kinds of mechanized equipment."[8]
^Nazan Maksudyan (2014). Women and the City, Women in the City: A Gendered Perspective on Ottoman Urban History. Berghahn Books. p. 122.
^ abSuny 2015, pp. 172–173.
^McCullagh, Francis (1910). The Fall of Abd-ul-Hamid. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 138.
^Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in Armenian Cilicia, eds. Richard G. Hovannisian and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 339–369.
^Suny 2015, p. 171.
^Gaunt, David (2009). "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915". Assyrian Genocide Research Center.
^"Armenian Wealth Caused Massacres". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
^Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, pp. 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
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