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Abenaki
Eastern: Alnombak, Alnôbak, Eastern Abnaki, Wawenock Western: Abenaqui, Alnombak, Saint Francis, Western Abnaki
Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire
Ethnicity
1,800 Abnaki and Penobscot (1982)[1]
Native speakers
14 Western Abenaki (2007–2012)[2] Last fluent speaker of Eastern Abenaki died in 1993.[2]
Language family
Algic
Algonquian
Eastern Algonquian
Abenaki
Writing system
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Either: aaq – Eastern Abenaki abe – Western Abenaki
Glottolog
east2544 Eastern Abenaki west2630 Western Abenaki
Western Abenaki is classified as critically endangered by the Endangered Languages Project (ELP)
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People
Alnôbak (Wôbanakiak)
Language
Alnôbadôwawôgan
Country
Ndakinna Wabanaki
Western Abenaki territory
Abenaki (Eastern: Alənαpαtəwéwαkan, Western: Alnôbaôdwawôgan), also known as Wôbanakiak,[3] is an endangered Eastern Algonquian language of Quebec and the northern states of New England. The language has Eastern and Western forms which differ in vocabulary and phonology and are sometimes considered distinct languages.
Western Abenaki was spoken in New Hampshire, Vermont, north-western Massachusetts, and southern Quebec.[4] Odanak, Quebec is a First Nations reserve located near the Saint-François River — these peoples were referred to as Saint Francis Indians by English writers after the 1700s.[5] The few remaining speakers of Western Abenaki live predominantly in Odanak and the last fully fluent speaker, Cécile (Wawanolett) Joubert died in 2006.[4] A revitalization effort was started in Odanak in 1994; however, as of 2004 younger generations are not learning the language and the remaining speakers are elderly, making Western Abenaki nearly extinct.[6]
Eastern Abenaki languages are spoken by several peoples, including the Penobscot of what is now Maine. The last known natively fluent speaker of Penobscot Abenaki, Madeline Shay, died in 1993.[7][8] However, several Penobscot elders still speak Penobscot, and there is an ongoing effort to preserve it and teach it in the local schools;[9] much of the language was preserved by Frank Siebert.[10] Other speakers of Eastern Abenaki included tribes such as the Amoscocongon who spoke the Arosagunticook dialect,[11] and the Caniba, which are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period.
^Eastern Abenaki at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
^ abEastern Abenaki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Western Abenaki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Bruchac, Margaret (2006). "Malian's Song–Abenaki Language Glossary". Vermont Folklife Center (152). hdl:20.500.14332/1418.
^ abLeSourd 2015.
^Day 1994a.
^Beach 2004.
^"Penobscot". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^Abenaki language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
^"Penobscot". Abbe Museum. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
^Gregory, Alice (April 19, 2021). "How did a self-taught linguist come to own an indigenous language?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021.
^"Arosaguntacook Indian Tribe". Native Languages. Archived from the original on January 9, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
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