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The 490s decade ran from January 1, 490, to December 31, 499.
Events
490
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- Spring – Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza.
- King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded.
- Summer – The Burgundians, under King Gundobad, cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity.
- King Alaric II supports Theodoric in his conquest of Italy, by dispatching a Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia.[1]
- August 11 – Battle of Adda: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer, on the Adda River, near Milan.
- Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities of Cesena and Rimini retain their allegiance to Odoacer.
Asia[edit]
- Empress Feng of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty dies. She is buried with magnificent honors, in the Wenming Tomb.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Euphemius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
491
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- April 9 – Emperor Zeno, age 66, dies of dysentery (or of epilepsy) after a 17-year reign. He has no sons to succeed him and Anastasius, palace official (silentiarius) and favoured friend of empress Ariadne, is elevated to the throne.
- May 20 – Anastasius I marries Ariadne shortly after his accession. His reign is disturbed by religious distractions and a civil war started by Longinus, brother of late emperor Zeno.
- Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala, are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).
Britannia[edit]
- Aelle of Sussex besieges and conquers the fortified town Anderitum in southern Britain. He massacres the population, apparently sub-Roman Brythons (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).
Europe[edit]
- July 9 – Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theodoric the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric repulses the attack, forcing Odoacer back into Ravenna.
Asia[edit]
- Munjamyeong becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.[2]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Lupicinus becomes bishop of Lyon. He is the founder of the abbeys of Saint Claude (Jura Mountains).
492
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Isaurian War: The Isaurians begin a revolt against Emperor Anastasius I in southern Central Anatolia.
- Battle of Cotyaeum: The Isaurian rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army, under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback (subordinate commanders include the future Justin I). They retreat to their mountain fortresses, and continue guerrilla warfare against the Roman forces until 497.
Europe[edit]
- King Theoderic the Great conquers Rimini, and brings his Ostrogoth fleet to blockade the harbours 6 miles from the capital of Ravenna. Important provisions, food and supplies are cut off, and the inhabitants are starved to death.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- March 1 – Pope Felix III dies after a 9-year reign in which he has excommunicated Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, thus dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church (Acacian schism). He is succeeded by Gelasius I as the 49th pope.
493
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Isaurian War: Claudiopolis, ancient city of Cappadocia, is besieged and captured by the Romans. The Isaurians blockade the mountain passes, but John the Hunchback (John Gibbo) wins an overwhelming victory against the rebels.
Ireland[edit]
- March – Battle for the Body of St. Patrick: The Uí Néill Dynasty fights over the body of Saint Patrick with the Airgialla Kingdom (according to the Annals of the Four Masters).
Europe[edit]
- February 25 – Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege, and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, who steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom.[3]
- Onoulphus, brother of Odoacer, is killed during the siege of Ravenna by archers while seeking refuge in a church.
- March 15 – Odoacer is invited to a banquet organised in order to celebrate the peace treaty. During the festivities, Odoacer is killed by Theodoric the Great. His body is skillfully sliced in half in full view of his guests. A massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters follows.
- Theodoric the Great allies with the Franks and marries Audofleda, sister of Clovis I. He also marries his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Burgundians, Vandals and Visigoths, establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West.
- Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18; she is brought up in the Catholic faith and is the daughter of King Chilperic II. Her father is murdered in the same year by his brother Gundobad.
China[edit]
- Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms. He marries Feng Qing, who becomes empress of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Mor Hananyo Monastery is established by Mor Shlemon, converting a former Roman fortress (ex temple) in the Tur Abdin region on the Turkish/Syrian border.
494
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- An earthquake devastates the port town of Latakia (modern Syria).[4]
China[edit]
- Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang. He makes Chinese the official language of his court, and orders his nobility to adopt Chinese names.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
- The Decretum Gelasianum is attributed.
- Gelasius I canonizes Saint George.
495
By place[edit]
Britannia[edit]
- Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border.[5] Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex.
China[edit]
- Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei builds the Shaolin Monastery in Henan for the monk Batuo (for alternate founding date see 477 or 497).
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops, in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I's efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine.
496
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Emperor Anastasius I has Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed and excommunicated. He appoints Macedonius II as his successor. Euphemius is sent into exile.[citation needed]
Europe[edit]
- Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Zülpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom.[citation needed]
- December 25 – Clovis I is baptized into the Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthens the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops.[citation needed]
Africa[edit]
- Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death, and becomes king of the Vandals. Under his rule, he resumes the persecution of the Catholics.[6]
Asia[edit]
- King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne.[citation needed]
- Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process, by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan.[citation needed]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- November 21 – Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign,[7] and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope.
497
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Emperor Anastasius I gives formal recognition to the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great, as his representative (viceroy) in Italy. He sends the imperial standard to Ravenna. Theodoric respects the agreement and allows Roman citizens within the Ostrogothic Kingdom to be subject to Roman law.
- Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. Anastasius I pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.
China[edit]
- The Shaolin Temple (Henan) is founded (according to the Jiaqing Chongxiu Yitongzhi). (For alternate founding date, see 477 or 495).
By topic[edit]
Arts and sciences[edit]
- Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician, calculates pi (π) as ≈ 62832/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.
Literature[edit]
- The Ambrosian Iliad, an Illuminated manuscript on vellum, of the Iliad of Homer, is produced in Constantinople (approximate date).
498
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Emperor Anastasius I abolishes the chrysargyron tax throughout the Eastern Roman Empire, before reforming the monetary system, using Greek numerals instead of Roman.[8]
Persia[edit]
- Kavadh I returns from exile with support of 30,000 Hephthalites (White Huns), and again assumes the Sassanid throne. He punishes his opponents and probably his brother Djamasp, who usurped the throne from him.[9]
Japan[edit]
- Prince Buretsu, age 9, succeeds his father Ninken and becomes the 25th emperor.[10]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- November 19 – Pope Anastasius II dies after a 2-year reign in which he has tried to conciliate followers of Acacius, late patriarch of Constantinople, who was excommunicated by Felix III.[11]
- November 22 – Anastasius is succeeded by Symmachus as the 51st pope, in the official papal selection in the Lateran Palace (Rome). Meanwhile, Antipope Laurentius is elected "pope" in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, causing a schism.[12]
- Flavian II succeeds Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.[13]
499
By place[edit]
China[edit]
- April 26 – Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei dies of starvation[citation needed] in his capital at Luoyang, after a 27-year reign in which he has Sinicized his tribal relatives (Tuoba clan), created a Chinese-style government and instituted a land-reform program.
- Crown prince Xuan Wu Di, age 16, succeeds his father Xiaowen and becomes emperor of Northern Wei. He appoints his uncle Yuan Xie provincial governor, who serves temporarily as regent to form a new government.
Middle East[edit]
- September – The 499 Nicopolis earthquake takes place in the borders between the regions of Mesopotamia, Pontus, and Roman Armenia. It affects the cities of Nicopolis, Neocaesarea (modern Niksar), Arsamosata, and Abarne, as well as the cultural areas of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Mesopotamia.[14]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- March 1 – During a synod in Rome, which is attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, Pope Symmachus makes Antipope Laurentius bishop of the diocese of Nocera in Campania.
- ^ Wolfram, History of the Goths, p. 281
- ^ "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- ^ The End of Empire (p. 275). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2
- ^ Robertson, A. H. F.; Parlak, Osman; Ünlügenç, Ulvi Can (2013). Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London. p. 461. ISBN 9781862393530.
- ^ Myres, J. N. L. (1989). The English Settlements. Oxford University Press, pp. 146–147
- ^ Wilhite, David E. (2017). Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-13512-142-6.
- ^ McBrien, Richard P. (1997). Lives of the Popes. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-06065-304-0.
- ^ Leemans, Johan; Matz, Brian J.; Verstraeten, Johan (2011). Reading Patristic Texts on Social Ethics: Issues and Challenges for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780813218595.
- ^ Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison; Moose, Christina J.; Rehn, Mark (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Vol. II. London and New York: Routledge. p. 559. ISBN 9781579580414.
- ^ Martin, Peter (1997). The Chrysanthemum Throne: A History of the Emperors of Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780824820299.
- ^ Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1916]. The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Arx Publishing, LLC. pp. 114–115. ISBN 9781889758862.
- ^ Penn, Imma (2007). Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 223. ISBN 9781452059945.
- ^ Nicholson, Oliver (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1631–1632. ISBN 9780192562463.
- ^ Guidoboni, Traina, 1995