This article is about street protests in Hong Kong also known as the Umbrella Movement. For the related advocacy group in Hong Kong, see Occupy Central with Love and Peace. For the related political movement in Hong Kong, see Umbrella Movement.
Umbrella Revolution
Part of democratic development in Hong Kong and the Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
The Admiralty protest site on the night of 10 October
Date
26 September 2014 – 15 December 2014 (2 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
Location
Hong Kong:
Admiralty (26 September 2014 – 11 December 2014)
Causeway Bay (28 September 2014 – 15 December 2014)
Mong Kok (28 September 2014 – 25 November 2014)
Tsim Sha Tsui (1 October 2014 – 3 October 2014)
Caused by
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decision on electoral reform regarding future Hong Kong Chief Executive and Legislative Council elections
Goals
Genuine universal suffrage[1][2][3][4]
Retraction of the NPCSC decision
Abolition of functional constituencies of Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Resignation of Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying
Methods
Occupations, sit-ins, civil disobedience, mobile street protests, internet activism, hunger strikes, hacking
Resulted in
No changes to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress decision on 2014 Hong Kong electoral reform and rejection of the reform by Legislative Council (the large rejection result of 8 to 28 was caused by errors of Pro-Beijing camp)[5]
Suffragists launched mobile street protests in various areas after clearance operations
Localism and independence movement rises, leading to further protests in 2019
Concessions
The Hong Kong SAR government promises to submit a "New Occupy report" to the Chinese Central government[6]
Parties
Umbrella Movement
Pro-democracy activists
Hong Kong Federation of Students
Scholarism
Occupy Central with Love and Peace
Civic Passion
Pro-democracy camp
Hacking groups
Anonymous
Authorities
Hong Kong SAR government
Hong Kong Police Force
Government of China
Chinese Communist Party
Anti-occupy movement
Alliance for Peace and Democracy
Silent Majority for Hong Kong
Voice of Loving Hong Kong
Caring Hong Kong Power
Justice Alliance
Pro-Beijing camp
Hacking groups
PLA Unit 61398[7][8]
Triads[9]
Sun Yee On
Wo Shing Wo
Lead figures
Alex Chow
Lester Shum
Joshua Wong
Nathan Law
Benny Tai
Chan Kin-man
Chu Yiu-ming
Agnes Chow
Edward Leung
Denise Ho
CY Leung
Carrie Lam
Rimsky Yuen
Andy Tsang
Robert Chow
Injuries and arrests
Injuries
470+ (as of 29 Nov)[10]
Arrested
955[11] 75 turned themselves in
Sites of significant protests
Tamar
Admiralty
Central
Wan Chai
Mong Kok
Yau Ma Tei
Causeway Bay
Tsim Sha Tsui
class=notpageimage|
Legend: represents the Occupied Area of the Admiralty represents the occupied area of Causeway Bay represents the Occupy Area of Mong Kok represents the Occupied Area of Tsim Sha Tsui
2014 Hong Kong protests
Umbrella Revolution
Traditional Chinese
雨傘革命
Simplified Chinese
雨伞革命
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Yǔsǎn gémìng
Bopomofo
ㄩˇ ㄙㄢˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
Wade–Giles
Yü3-san3 ko2-ming4
Tongyong Pinyin
Yǔ-sǎn gé-mìng
IPA
[ỳ.sàn kɤ̌.mîŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Yúh saan gaak mihng
Jyutping
jyu5 saan3 gaak3 ming6
Sidney Lau
Yue5saan3 gaak3ming6
IPA
[jyː˩˧ saːn˧ kaːk̚˧ meŋ˨]
Umbrella Movement
Traditional Chinese
雨傘運動
Simplified Chinese
雨伞运动
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Yǔsǎn yùndòng
Bopomofo
ㄩˇ ㄙㄢˇ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Wade–Giles
Yü3-san3 yün4-tung4
Tongyong Pinyin
Yǔ-sǎn yùn-dòng
IPA
[ỳ.sàn ŷn.tʊ̂ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Yúh saan wahn duhng
Jyutping
jyu5 saan3 wan6 dung6
Sidney Lau
Yue5saan3 wan6dung6
IPA
[jyː˩˧ saːn˧ wɐn˨ toŋ˨]
Occupy Movement
Traditional Chinese
佔領行動
Simplified Chinese
占领行动
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhànlǐng xíngdòng
Bopomofo
ㄓㄢˋ ㄌㄧㄥˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
Wade–Giles
Chan4-ling3 hsing2-tung4
Tongyong Pinyin
Jhàn-lǐng síng-dòng
IPA
[ʈʂân.lìŋ ɕǐŋ.tʊ̂ŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Jim líhng hàhng duhng
Jyutping
zim6 ling5 hang4 dung6
Sidney Lau
Zim3ling5 hang4dung6
IPA
[tsiːm˨ leŋ˩˧ hɐŋ˩ toŋ˨]
v
t
e
Chinese democracy movements
Mainland China
Beijing Spring
1986 Chinese student demonstrations
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests (2011 crackdown on dissidents in China)
Egg fried rice protests
Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
2022 COVID-19 protests in China
Hong Kong
1970s Hong Kong student protests
Hong Kong 1 July marches
December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong
Anti-Hong Kong Express Rail Link movement
2010 Hong Kong democracy protests
Hong Kong new year marches
Umbrella Movement / 2014 Hong Kong protests
2016 Mong Kok civil unrest
2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
Macau
2007 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
2010 Macau transfer of sovereignty anniversary protest
A series of sit-in street protests, often called the Umbrella Revolution and sometimes used interchangeably with Umbrella Movement, or Occupy Movement, occurred in Hong Kong from 26 September to 15 December 2014.[12][13]
The protests began after the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) issued a decision regarding proposed reforms to the Hong Kong electoral system. The decision was widely seen to be highly restrictive, and tantamount to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s pre-screening of the candidates for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.[14]
Students led a strike against the NPCSC's decision beginning on 22 September 2014, and the Hong Kong Federation of Students and Scholarism started protesting outside the government headquarters on 26 September 2014.[15] On 28 September, events developed rapidly. The Occupy Central with Love and Peace movement announced the beginning of their civil disobedience campaign.[16] Students and other members of the public demonstrated outside government headquarters, and some began to occupy several major city intersections.[17] Protesters blocked both east–west arterial routes in northern Hong Kong Island near Admiralty. Police tactics – including the use of tear gas – and triad attacks on protesters led more citizens to join the protests and to occupy Causeway Bay and Mong Kok.[18][19][20] The number of protesters peaked at more than 100,000 at any given time, overwhelming the police thus causing containment errors.[21][22][23]
Government officials in Hong Kong and in Beijing denounced the occupation as "illegal" and a "violation of the rule of law", and Chinese state media and officials claimed repeatedly that the West had played an "instigating" role in the protests, and warned of "deaths and injuries and other grave consequences."[24] The protests precipitated a rift in Hong Kong society, and galvanised youth – a previously apolitical section of society – into political activism or heightened awareness of their civil rights and responsibilities. Not only were there fist fights at occupation sites and flame wars on social media, family members found themselves on different sides of the conflict.[25]
Key areas in Admiralty, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok were occupied and remained closed to traffic for 77 days. Despite numerous incidents of intimidation and violence by triads and thugs, particularly in Mong Kok, and several attempts at clearance by the police, suffragists held their ground for over two months. After the Mong Kok occupation site was cleared with some scuffles on 25 November, Admiralty and Causeway Bay were cleared with no opposition on 11 and 14 December, respectively.
The Hong Kong government's use of the police and courts to resolve political issues led to accusations that these institutions had been turned into political tools, thereby compromising the police and judicial system in the territory and eroding the rule of law in favour of "rule by law".[26][27][28][29] At times violent police action during the occupation was widely perceived to have damaged the reputation of what was once recognised as one of the most efficient, honest and impartial police forces in the Asia Pacific region.[30] The protests ended without any political concessions from the government, but instead triggered rhetoric from Chief Executive of Hong Kong CY Leung and mainland officials about rule of law and patriotism, and an assault on academic freedoms and civil liberties of activists.[27][31][32][33]
^Tai, Benny (4 December 2014). "What Next for Hong Kong?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
^"Hong Kong protesters reach new heights with democracy banner on Lion Rock". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
^Sevastopulo, Demetri (27 September 2014). "Hong Kong group launches civil disobedience campaign". Financial Times. CNBC. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
^"Beijing fears compromise with Hong Kong protesters: US scholar". Want China Times. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014.
^"Young Hong Kongers seek new path in democracy battle". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
^Lau, Kenneth; Cheng, Kevin (22 October 2014). "New Occupy report to Beijing promised". The Standard. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
^"Hong Kong cyber attacks spiked during Occupy Central, academic's study finds". 26 February 2015.
^Hong, Brendon (18 June 2014). "Hackers Attack Hong Kong Pro-Democracy Websites". The Daily Beast.
^Iyengar, Rishi (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong Government Accused of Using Triads to Attack Student Protesters". Time. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015.
^"高永文:因佔領而求診逾470宗急症室有壓力". Apple Daily. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
^"955 arrested for Occupy offences". Government of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
^Kaiman, Jonathan (30 September 2014). "Hong Kong's umbrella revolution – the Guardian briefing". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^Iyengar, Rishi. "6 Questions You Might Have About Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution". Time. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^Cheung, Tony (31 August 2014). "Hong Kong's candidate nominating system out of balance, says Beijing scholar". South China Morning Post.
^"Thousands of Hong Kong students start week-long boycott". BBC News. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^"Hong Kong police clear pro-democracy protesters". BBC News. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
^"Full text of NPC decision on universal suffrage for HKSAR chief selection". Xinhua News Agency. 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^Cite error: The named reference nyt111 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference triad was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference wsj1411991105 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference 20141009harbourtimes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference 20141031reuters was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"HSBC's Laura Cha sparks outrage comparing wait for Hong Kong voting rights to that of U.S. slaves". Daily News. New York. November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
^Cite error: The named reference blame was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference 20141009hksmary was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Hong Kong: Massive anti-government protests after attempted police crackdown". chinaworker.info. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014.
^ ab"Mixed legacy for Hong Kong's Umbrella Movement". Business Spectator. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
^Laura Mannering (18 October 2014). "Hong Kong police charge leaves protesters injured". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
^Julie Makinen (9 December 2014). "Hong Kong police to remove protesters from streets after court order". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
^Te-Ping Chen; Lorraine Luk; Prudence Ho (4 October 2014). "Hong Kong Police's Use of Tear Gas During Protests Hurts Reputation of 'Asia's Finest'". The Wall Street Journal.
^Hwee Ann Tan (19 January 2015). "Hong Kong Creates Cadets Modeled After PLA, China Daily Says". Bloomberg L.P.
^Lau, Kenneth (13 February 2015). "Leung denies torpedoing uni selection" Archived 13 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard.
^"傳政府阻港大陳文敏升職 羅范:點會重蹈覆轍". Apple Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 February 2015.
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