26 May 1525 Jiajing 4, 5th day of the 5th month (嘉靖四年五月初五日) Jiangling, Huguang
Died
9 July 1582(1582-07-09) (aged 57) Wanli 10, 20th day of the 6th month (萬曆十年六月二十日) Jingshi
Zhang Juzheng
Traditional Chinese
張居正
Simplified Chinese
张居正
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Zhāng Jūzhèng
Wade–Giles
Chang1 Chü1–cheng4
IPA
[ʈʂáŋ tɕýʈʂə̂ŋ]
Zhang Juzheng (Chinese: 張居正; pinyin: Zhāng Jūzhèng; 26 May 1525 – 9 July 1582), courtesy name Shuda (Chinese: 叔大; pinyin: Shūdà), pseudonym Taiyue (Chinese: 太岳; pinyin: Tàiyuè), was a Chinese politician who served as Senior Grand Secretary (Chinese: 首輔; pinyin: Shǒufǔ) in the late Ming dynasty during the reigns of the Longqing and Wanli emperors. He represented what might be termed the "new Legalism".[1][2] Aiming to ensure that the gentry worked for the state, one of his chief goals was to reform and rationalize the bureaucracy together with his political rival Gao Gong, who was concerned that offices were providing income with little responsibility. Taking the Hongwu Emperor as standard and ruling as de facto Prime Minister, Zhang's true historical significance comes from his centralization of existing reforms, positioning the reformative agency of the state over that of the gentry—the "Legalist" idea of the sovereignty of the state.[3]
The Wanli Emperor deeply respected Zhang as a mentor and valued minister. During the first ten years of the Wanli era, the Ming dynasty's economy and military power prospered in a way not seen since the Yongle Emperor and the Rule of Ren and Xuan from 1402 to 1435. However, after Zhang's death, the Wanli Emperor felt free to act independently, and reversed many of Zhang's administrative improvements.
^H. Miller 2009 p.28. State versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572–1644
^Cua, Antonio S. (2013-11-05). Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-36748-0.
^H. Miller 2009 p.28. State versus Gentry in Late Ming Dynasty China, 1572–1644
assisted and effectively led by Grand Secretary and skilled administrator, ZhangJuzheng. With the support of the emperor's mother, Lady Li, and the imperial...
political change. Senior Grand Secretary Xu Jie, in collaboration with ZhangJuzheng, drafted the "final edict" of the Jiajing Emperor and the first edicts...
Secretary ZhangJuzheng (in office from 1572 to 1582) built an effective network of alliances with senior officials. However, there was no one after Zhang Juzheng...
introduced by Wang Yangming permitted a more accommodating attitude. ZhangJuzheng's initially successful reforms proved devastating when a slowdown in...
Colossi, which he used to adorn his Palace. Each statue was said to be 5 zhang [11.5 meters] in height, and weighing about 1000 dan [about 70 tons]. Sima...
Xu. Impeached by several censors, he was forced to retire in 1567. ZhangJuzheng did his utmost to persuade the emperor to recall Gao for political reasons...
Qi was politically connected to ZhangJuzheng and fell out of favor with the Wanli Emperor after the death of Zhang. In early 1583, Qi was relieved of...
Ming dynasty Hans Hendrik van Paesschen, Flemish architect (b. 1510) ZhangJuzheng, Ming dynasty official (b. 1525) Takeda Nobukado, Japanese samurai (b...
Notable figures in this genre include Nie Bao, Zou Shouyi, Xu Jie, and ZhangJuzheng. Zhezhong School emphasizes on inner virtues. Scholars in this school...
Liang Later figures Emperor Wen of Sui Du You Wang Anshi Li Shanchang ZhangJuzheng Xu Guangqi Relevant texts Guanzi The Book of Lord Shang Shenzi (both...
Theory of Chinese History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190463618. Zhang, Qizhi (2015). An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Springer...
Song Xu Jie Longqing era Xu Jie Li Chunfang Gao Gong ZhangJuzheng Wanli era ZhangJuzhengZhang Siwei Shen Shixing Wang Jiaping Zhao Zhigao Wang Xijue...
during the Yuan dynasty, known for his calligraphy ZhangJuzheng (1525–1582), Ming dynasty statesman Zhang Heng (78–139), Chinese scientist, mathematician...
was entirely in the hands of ZhangJuzheng. Her son's de facto rule did not begin until after the death of ZhangJuzheng in 1582. From 1572 until 1578...
century later. In Ming dynasty China, the star became an issue between ZhangJuzheng and the young Wanli Emperor: in accordance with the cosmological tradition...
beginning of the 16th century. The great tax reform by the statesman ZhangJuzheng in 1581 (9th year of the Wanli Emperor) simplified the taxation and...
Liang Later figures Emperor Wen of Sui Du You Wang Anshi Li Shanchang ZhangJuzheng Xu Guangqi Relevant texts Guanzi The Book of Lord Shang Shenzi (both...
Thought https://books.google.com/books?id=y4hDuFMhGr8C&pg=PA205 Jinfan Zhang 2014 p. 90. The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law. https://books...
Yang Rong, Yang Pu, Zhang Fu and Hu Ying during the minority of the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435 to 1442. Gao Gong, ZhangJuzheng, Gao Yi and Feng Bao...
Liang Later figures Emperor Wen of Sui Du You Wang Anshi Li Shanchang ZhangJuzheng Xu Guangqi Relevant texts Guanzi The Book of Lord Shang Shenzi (both...
Chinese School of Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-241-5. Zhang, Guohua, "Shang Yang"[permanent dead link]. Encyclopedia of China (Law Edition)...
landowners. In 1581 the Single Whip Reform installed by Grand Secretary ZhangJuzheng (1525–1582) finally assessed taxes on the amount of land paid entirely...
the longest era of the Ming. During the early years of the Wanli era, ZhangJuzheng implemented a series of reform measures that resulted in continuous...
Liang Later figures Emperor Wen of Sui Du You Wang Anshi Li Shanchang ZhangJuzheng Xu Guangqi Relevant texts Guanzi The Book of Lord Shang Shenzi (both...
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