Marks made on the face for identification or beautification in Yoruba culture
Bust of an Ile-Ife king of the 12th/13th Century with tribal marksMan in the 1940s with tribal marks
The Yoruba tribal marks are scarifications which are specific identification and beautification marks designed on the face or body of the Yoruba people. The tribal marks are part of the Yoruba culture and are usually inscribed on the body by burning or cutting of the skin during childhood.[1]
The primary function of the tribal marks is for identification of a person's tribe, family or patrilineal heritage.[2][3] Other secondary functions of the marks are symbols of beauty, Yoruba creativity and keeping mischievous children alive (ila Abiku). This practice was popular among Yoruba people of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. During the trans-Atlantic slave trade, tribal identification and facial stripes became important.[citation needed] Some repatriated slaves later reunited with their communities by looking at facial stripes.[4][5]
However, the use of tribal marks is fading in Yoruba land due to colonialism and modernization.
^Lefèber, Yvonne; Henk W. A. Voorhoeve (1998). Indigenous Customs in Childbirth and Child Care. Guinevere Van Gorcum. p. 53. ISBN 9023233662.
^Orie (2011), p. 1.
^Chioma, Gabriel (18 October 2014). "Marked for life? Are your tribal marks attractive or repulsive?". Vanguard News. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^Usman, A., & Falola, T. (2019). The Nineteenth Century: Wars and Transformations. In The Yoruba from Prehistory to the Present (pp. 159-240). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^"Nigeria Country of Origin Information (COI) Report" (PDF). 2013.
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