Yellow Emperor information

Yellow Emperor
Yellow Emperor
Member of Wufang Shangdi
Major cult centre	Mount Song
Predecessor	Chidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with the Flame Emperor)
Successor	Baidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with Shaohao)
Planet	Saturn

Names
	Ancestral name: Gongsun; Given name: Xuānyuán (軒轅);

Yellow Emperor
黃帝
Yellow Emperor; 黃帝
	The Yellow Emperor as depicted in a tomb from the mid 2nd century AD. The inscription reads: "The Yellow Emperor created and changed a great many things; he invented weapons and the well-field system; he devised upper and lower garments, and established palaces and houses."
Predecessor	Fuxi
Successor	Zhuanxu or Shaohao
Born	Gongsun Xuanyuan
Spouse	Leizu; Fenglei; Tongyushi; Momu;
Issue	Shaohao; Changyi;
Names
Names
	Ancestral name: Gongsun; Given name: Xuānyuán (軒轅);
Father	Shaodian
Mother	Fubao
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	黃帝
Simplified Chinese	黄帝
Literal meaning	"Yellow Emperor"; "Yellow Thearch";
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Huángdìⓘ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Hwangdih
Wade–Giles	Huang2-ti4
IPA	[xwǎŋtî]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Wòhng-dai
Jyutping	Wong4-dai3
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	N̂g-tè (col.); Hông-tè (lit.)
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*N-kʷˤaŋ tˤek-s

The Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or by his Chinese name Huangdi (/ˈhwɑːŋ ˈdiː/), is a mythical Chinese sovereign and culture hero included among the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and an individual deity (shen) or part of the Five Regions Highest Deities (Chinese: 五方上帝; pinyin: Wǔfāng Shàngdì)^[3] in Chinese folk religion.^[4] Calculated by Jesuit missionaries, who based their work on various Chinese chronicles, and later accepted by the twentieth-century promoters of a universal calendar starting with the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi's traditional reign dates are 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC.

Huangdi's cult is first attested in the Warring States period,^{[citation needed]} and became prominent late in that same period and into the early Han dynasty, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, as a cosmic ruler, and as a patron of esoteric arts. A large number of texts – such as the Huangdi Neijing, a medical classic, and the Huangdi Sijing, a group of political treatises – were thus attributed to him. Having waned in influence during most of the imperial period, in the early twentieth century Huangdi became a rallying figure for Han Chinese attempts to overthrow the rule of the Qing dynasty, remaining a powerful symbol within Chinese nationalism modernly.^[5] Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations – ranging from the lunar calendar (Chinese calendar), Taoism,^[6] wooden houses, boats, carts,^[7] the compass needle,^[8] "the earliest forms of writing",^[9] and/or an early form of football – the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Han culture (later Chinese culture).^[10]

^ Birrell 1993, p. 48.
^ ^a ^b Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC), Chapter 1, "Wudi benji" 五帝本紀 ("Annals of the Five Emperors"); on Chinese Text Project (retrieved on 2016-10-08).
^ Fowler (2005), pp. 200–201.
^ Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.). Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan (2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 176.
^ Witzel, Morgen (6 December 2019). A History of Leadership. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-351-66649-7. The Yellow Emperor, who was believed to be the ancestor of the Chinese people and who was – and remains – a symbol of Chinese nationalism.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Huangdi". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Cite error: The named reference :100273 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Bryan W. (2005). Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 380. ISBN 0-87220-781-1. OCLC 60826646.
^ Chang 1983, p. 2

[1] Birrell 1993, p. 48.

[CTP-2] Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian (c. 100 BC), Chapter 1, "Wudi benji" 五帝本紀 ("Annals of the Five Emperors"); on Chinese Text Project (retrieved on 2016-10-08).

[FOOTNOTEFowler2005200–201-3] Fowler (2005), pp. 200–201.

[:1-4] Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.). Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan (2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 176.

[5] Witzel, Morgen (6 December 2019). A History of Leadership. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-351-66649-7. The Yellow Emperor, who was believed to be the ancestor of the Chinese people and who was – and remains – a symbol of Chinese nationalism.

[:0-6] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:11-7] "Huangdi". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 May 2023.

[:100273-8] Cite error: The named reference :100273 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:122-9] Ivanhoe, Philip J.; Van Norden, Bryan W. (2005). Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 380. ISBN 0-87220-781-1. OCLC 60826646.

[Chang_2-10] Chang 1983, p. 2

Yellow Emperor information

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