In Aztec mythology, Xipe Totec (/ˈʃiːpəˈtoʊtɛk/; Classical Nahuatl: Xīpe Totēc[ˈʃiːpeˈtoteːk(ʷ)]) or Xipetotec[3] ("Our Lord the Flayed One")[4] was a life-death-rebirth deity, god of agriculture, vegetation, the east, spring, goldsmiths, silversmiths, liberation, deadly warfare, the seasons,[5] and the earth.[6] The female equivalent of Xipe Totec was the goddess Xilonen-Chicomecoatl.[7]
Xipe Totec connected agricultural renewal with warfare.[8] He flayed himself to give food to humanity, symbolic of the way maize seeds lose their outer layer before germination and of snakes shedding their skin. He is often depicted as being red beneath the flayed skin he wears, likely referencing his own flayed nature. Xipe Totec was believed by the Aztecs to be the god that invented war.[9] His insignia included the pointed cap and rattle staff, which was the war attire for the Mexica emperor.[10] He had a temple called Yopico within the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan.[11] Xipe Totec is associated with pimples, inflammation and eye diseases,[12][13] and possibly plague.[14] Xipe Totec has a strong relation to diseases such as smallpox, blisters and eye sickness[15] and if someone suffered from these diseases offerings were made to him.[16]
This deity is of uncertain origin. Xipe Totec was widely worshipped in central Mexico at the time of the Spanish Conquest,[11] and was known throughout most of Mesoamerica.[17] Representations of the god have been found as far away as Tazumal in El Salvador. The worship of Xipe Totec was common along the Gulf Coast during the Early Postclassic. The deity probably became an important Aztec god as a result of the Aztec conquest of the Gulf Coast in the middle of the fifteenth century.[11]
In January 2019, Mexican archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History confirmed that they had discovered the first known surviving temple dedicated to Xipe Totec in the state of Puebla.[18] The temple was found while examining ruins of the Popoluca peoples indigenous to Mexico. The Popolucas built the temple in an area called Ndachjian-Tehuacan between AD 1000 and 1260 prior to Aztec invasion of the area.[19]
^Ceram, C. W. (1967). Gods, Graves, and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology. Translated by Garside, E. B.; Wilkins, Sophie (2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 411.
^Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.426.
^Evans and Webster 2001, p. 107.
^Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.423.
^Toby Evans & David Webster, 2001, p.107
^ abcMiller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.188.
^Susan Toby Evans; David L. Webster (11 September 2013). Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-136-80185-3.
^worldhistory.org
^Bob Curran; Ian Daniels (2007). Walking with the Green Man: Father of the Forest, Spirit of Nature. Career Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-56414-931-2.[permanent dead link]
^Cite error: The named reference Fernández 1992, 1996, p.62 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Citing Bernardino de Sahagún:O., Anderson, Arthur J.; E., Dibble, Charles (1970-01-01). General history of the things of New Spain : Book I, the Gods. School of American Research. ISBN 9780874800005. OCLC 877854386.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Fernández 1992, 1996, p.60.
^Wade, Lizzie, Archaeologists have found a temple to the ‘Flayed Lord’ in Mexico, Science, January 4, 2019
^"Mexican experts discover first temple of god depicted as skinned human corpse". TheGuardian.com. 3 January 2019.
In Aztec mythology, XipeTotec (/ˈʃiːpə ˈtoʊtɛk/; Classical Nahuatl: XīpeTotēc [ˈʃiːpe ˈtoteːk(ʷ)]) or Xipetotec ("Our Lord the Flayed One") was a life-death-rebirth...
sacrificed children. XipeTotec, known as "Our Lord the Flayed One", is the god of rebirth, agriculture, the seasons, and craftsmen. XipeTotec was worshipped...
like Xipe-Totec[citation missing]. Xīpe Totēuc, god of agriculture, fertility, seasons, metalsmiths, and disease, and the lord of the East. Xipe-Totec, once...
including the concepts of Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopochtli, and XipeTotec. The Nahui Ollin is used as a culturally responsive method of teaching...
of air, the sun of fire, the sun of water (Tlaloc, rain god replaces Xipe-Totec). Each world is destroyed. The present era, the Fifth Sun is ushered in...
other three so-called Tezcatlipocas (Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopoctli, and Xipe-Totec) and their respective colors (white, blue, and red). Which parts of his...
worshiped as part of their pantheon. For example, the fertility god, XipeTotec, was originally a god of the Yopi (the Nahuatl name of the Tlapanec people)...
the darkness and the invisible, lord of the night, ruler of the North. Xipe-Totec, god of force, lord of the seasons and rebirth, ruler of the East. Quetzalcoatl...
Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Over the East presides the Red Tezcatlipoca, XipeTotec, the god of gold, farming and spring time. And over the North presides...
Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Over the East presides the Red Tezcatlipoca, XipeTotec, the god of gold, farming and springtime. And over the North presides...
and an anthropomorphic sculpture depicting the central Mexican deity XipeTotec. These artefacts are stylistically similar to artefacts from central Mexico...
child sacrifice, drought, and storms; sometimes associated with the south Xipe-Totec patron of war, agriculture, vegetation, creation, fertility; patron of...
instead sacrificed her by flaying her skin on the command of their god XipeTotec. The ruler of Culhuacan attacked and used his army to drive the Mexica...
associated with the North (the direction of death) and the flayed god XipeTotec. The knife inserted into the nasal cavity symbolizes "cut the air", which...
] (sometimes spelled Iztapaltotec) is an aspect of the fertility god XipeTotec. In the Aztec calendar, he is one of the patrons of the trecena beginning...
Asterius was flayed alive by the goddess Athena. In Aztec mythology, XipeTotec is the flayed god of death and rebirth. Captured enemy warriors were flayed...
word for child: cipit or cipote. Some also relate his name to the deity XipeTotec. According to the legend, he is the product of a forbidden romance between...
Feathered Serpent, Butterfly God, and rain god; and the Nahuatl god of spring XipeTotec. It is believed that the Zapotec used human sacrifice in some of their...
their sustenance. Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl had four children: XipeTotec, which translates to "the flayed god" in Nahuatl, is associated with the...
back. The Tlaxcala myth that refers to Camaxtle, a god identified as Xipe-Totec himself Camaxtle begins a war against the Shires and defeats them. The...
ruler of Tlalocan, a separate underworld for those who died from drowning XipeTotec (Aztec mythology), hero god, death god; inventor of warfare and master...
skin in a manner similar to the Aztec rituals associated with their god XipeTotec, and mention of the sacrificial knife of Tohil. The Kaqchikel Maya, neighbours...
also Rougarou Wendigo Worship Xenoglossy, see also Speaking in tongues XipeTotec (Aztec) Xmucane and Xpiacoc (Mayan) Xōchipilli (Aztec) Xōchiquetzal (Aztec...
war for Aztec people taking victim back and sacrifice them to their god XipeTotec (Tezcatlipoca). Warriors were essential to Aztec life and culture. At...
The ritual is most closely tied with rain and solar deities such as XipeTotec and Tlazolteotl. In Maya mythology the creation of the world is associated...
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