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Dehua porcelain statue of the Taoist goddess Doumu (Dipper Mother), adapted from the Buddhist deva Marici, 18th century[1]
The roles of women in Taoism (/ˈdaʊɪzəm/, /ˈtaʊ-/) (also spelled "Daoism" /ˈdaʊ-/) have differed from the traditional patriarchy over women in ancient and imperial China. Chinese women had special importance in some Taoist schools that recognized their transcendental abilities to communicate with deities, who frequently granted women with revealed texts and scriptures. Women first came to prominence in the Highest Clarity School, which was founded in the 4th century by a woman, Wei Huacun. The Tang dynasty (618–907) was a highpoint for the importance of Daoist women, when one-third of the Shangqing clergy were women, including many aristocratic Taoist nuns. The number of Taoist women decreased until the 12th century when the Complete Perfection School, which ordained Sun Bu'er as the only woman among its original disciples, put women in positions of power. In the 18th and 19th centuries, women Taoists practiced and discussed nüdan (女丹, "women's neidan inner alchemy"), involving gender-specific practices of breath meditation and visualization. Furthermore, Taoist divinities and cults have long traditions in China, for example, the Queen Mother of the West, the patron of xian immortality, He Xiangu, one of the Eight Immortals, and Mazu, the protectress of sailors and fishermen.
^Little, Stephen (2000). Taoism and the Arts of China. with Shawn Eichman. The Art Institute of Chicago. p. 283. ISBN 0-520-22784-0.
variously characterized as both a philosophy and a religion. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao—generally understood as being the impersonal...
Taoism or "Do" is thought to be the earliest state philosophy for the Korean people.[citation needed] However, its influence waned with the introduction...
Religion in China is diverse and most Chinese people are either non-religious or practice a combination of Buddhism and Taoism with a Confucian worldview...
justice in case of sex crimes, property rights independent of her husband, and when salat (prayers) are mandatory for her. The roles of womeninTaoism, have...
Empress Dowager Cixi Nüshu script History of China Homosexuality in China WomeninTaoism Wu (2009), p. 86. Hinsch (2013), p. 16. Kinney (2014), p. xxv....
status of womenin India has been subject to many changes over the time of recorded India's history. Their position in society deteriorated early in India's...
background tend to emphasize similarities between Islam and religions such as Taoism, which stress complementarity between the sexes: according to the Japanese...
Organization in 1964 and the later establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994 also played a role in redefining the roles of womenin Palestine and...
Although womenin Japan were recognized as having equal legal rights to men after World War II, economic conditions for women remain unbalanced. Modern...
history, womenin Iran have played numerous roles, and contributed in many ways, to Iranian society. Historically, tradition maintained that women be confined...
limited women's activities and opportunities, resulting in gender inequality; many religious doctrines and legal systems stipulate certain rules for women. With...
Women have been serving in the military since the inception of organized warfare, in both combat and non-combat roles. Their inclusion in combat missions...
Many have seen the status of womenin the Victorian era as an illustration of the striking discrepancy between the United Kingdom's national power and...
elite, who were initiated into its mysteries in order to achieve individual spiritual perfection. WomeninTaoism were given great importance by the Shangqing...
In many countries, women have been underrepresented in the government and different institutions. This historical tendency still persists, although women...
modern-day womenin Greece evolved from the events that occurred in the history of Greece. According to Michael Scott, in his article "The Rise of Womenin Ancient...
inscribed in the constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The majority of Taiwanese people practice a combination of Buddhism and Taoism often with...
and victims. Some women also married pirates and turned their homes or establishments into piratical safe havens. Through womenin these secondary roles...
Womenin combat refers to female military personnel assigned to combat positions. The role of womenin the military has varied across the world’s major...
Womenin Armenia have had equal rights, including the right to vote, since the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. On June 21 and 23, 1919...
Womenin Judaism have affected the course of Judaism over millenia. Their role is reflected in the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature)...
Womenin Seychelles enjoy the same legal, political, economic, and social rights as men. Seychellois society is essentially matriarchal. Mothers tend to...
The first women's association in Albania was founded in 1909. Albanian women from the northern Gheg region resided within a conservative and patriarchal...
Women's rights in Afghanistan have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period as well as the regime in power. After King Amanullah Khan's attempts...
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