Oiketicus spp. (family Psychidae). The frenulum can be seen at the top of the rear wing, which hooks onto the retinaculum, seen here as a small brush on the front wing, so that the wings travel together during flight. Magnification: 10x
Some four-winged insect orders, such as the Lepidoptera, have developed a wide variety of morphological wing coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa as "functionally dipterous" (effectively two-winged) for efficient insect flight.[1] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing coupling.[2]: 4266
The mechanisms are of three different types - jugal, frenulo-retinacular and amplexiform.[3]
^Dudley, Robert (2002). The biomechanics of insect flight: form, function, evolution (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-691-09491-5.
^Stocks, Ian (2008). "Wing coupling". In Capinera, John L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Gale virtual reference library. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Springer Reference. p. 4345. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^Scoble, M.J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity (Reprint (illustrated) ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9. Retrieved 14 November 2010. Subsec. "Wing coupling". Pp 56-60.
Some four-winged insect orders, such as the Lepidoptera, have developed a wide variety of morphological wingcoupling mechanisms in the imago which render...
of the wing may be stored in the resilin. Some four-winged insect orders, such as the Lepidoptera, have developed morphological wingcoupling mechanisms...
moths have a frenulum which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling (matching up) with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can be observed...
specialized bristles called microsetae) or nonaculeate the type of wingcoupling (jugate or frenate) the anatomy of the reproductive organs the structure...
flight by joining the forewing and hindwing into one bigger wing. The most common coupling mechanism (e.g., Hymenoptera and Trichoptera) is a row of small...
speeds or thin air, the wing and empennage may not generate sufficient forces and moments to stabilize the aircraft. Inertia coupling tends to occur in aircraft...
hamulate wing-coupling", in which the wings of certain insects in flight are joined by hooking hamuli on one wing into folds on a matching wing. Hamulate...
series including Armstrong and Miller, Smack the Pony, Coupling, The Worst Week of My Life, Green Wing, Marley's Ghosts and Jonathan Creek. Alexander was...
GFR A "boss" ground joint coupling valve hose coupling, primarily used for compressed air or steam. It consists of a stem, wing nut and spud. It seals as...
bolt/shank to attach to the ball mount. The trailer tongue (North America) or coupling (outside North America) slips over a trailer hitch ball attached to a receiver...
to contract. In skeletal muscles, excitation–contraction coupling relies on a direct coupling between two key proteins, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)...
131–161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1962.tb01077.x. D’Urso, V. (1993). "The wingcoupling apparatus in Peloridium hammoniorum Breddin, 1897 (Insecta, Rhynchota)"...
filamentous and unclubbed Wing-coupling mechanisms lack a frenulum have a frenulum which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling (matching up) with...
direction in this case). Especially in optics, evanescent-wave coupling refers to the coupling between two waves due to physical overlap of what would otherwise...
using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely...
males, except in three Macrosoma species where there is no functional wingcoupling system. The retinaculum is always lost in females, and the frenulum...
"tail-wagging" (yaw) and rocking from side to side (roll). This yaw-roll coupling is one of the basic flight dynamic modes (others include phugoid, short...
An oblique wing (also called a slewed wing) is a variable geometry wing concept. On an aircraft so equipped, the wing is designed to rotate on center pivot...
delta wing. Patented in 1963, this configuration was flown for the first time on the company's Viggen combat aircraft in 1967. The close coupling modifies...
Republic F-84 Thunderflash parasite fighter in its bomb bay. Earlier wingtip coupling experiments included Tip Tow, which were attempts at carrying fighters...
numerous unique physical traits including "wing venation with a single Rs1+2 vein; the lack of any positive wing-coupling mechanism; bilobed sternum A1 with external...
development. The jugum on the forewings of the adult is an archaic wingcoupling mechanism; further primitive characteristics include, as adults, the...
imagines of some species show a reduction of the frenular bristles in the wingcoupling mechanism to only one bristle, e.g. in the Udea alpinalis and U. itysalis...
filamentous and unclubbed. Wing-coupling mechanisms lack a frenulum. have a frenulum which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling (matching up) with...
rudder was operated, yaw-roll coupling ensured that the plane banked into a turn. For pitch control the whole front wing tilted to act as a canard elevator...
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