Water security in Australia became a major concern in Australia in the late 20th and early 21st century as a result of population growth, recurring severe droughts, effects of climate change on Australia, environmental degradation from reduced environmental flows, competition between competing interests such as grazing, irrigation and urban water supplies, and competition between upstream and downstream users. For example, there is competition for the resources of the Darling River system between Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia.[1] Water reform was first placed on the national agenda at the 1994 Council of Australian Governments (COAG) meeting when a strategic framework was devised.[2] As the knowledge of surface and groundwater systems grew and the awareness of the significance of sustainable water markets increased, further water reform was agreed to at the 2004 COAG meeting, under a national blueprint known as the National Water Initiative (NWI).
Australia can be divided into 12 major drainage divisions. For example, the Murray-Darling drainage division consists of the Murray River basin and the Darling River basin. Three of these drainage divisions account for 87% of the water that Australia consumes – the North East Coast division, the South East Coast division, and the Murray-Darling. This means that the supply of water within Australia is highly concentrated, and any defect to one of these major water divisions can cause major water security issues.
^Jackson, Sue; Head, Lesley (1 February 2020). "Australia's mass fish kills as a crisis of modern water: Understanding hydrosocial change in the Murray-Darling Basin". Geoforum. 109: 44–56. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.020. hdl:10072/395595. ISSN 0016-7185.
^Stoeckel, Kate; Abrahams, Harry (2007). "Water Reform in Australia:the National Water Initiative and the role of the National Water Commission". In Hussey, Karen; Dovers, Stephen (eds.). Managing water for Australia:the social and institutional challenges. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. pp. 2–6. ISBN 978-0-643-09392-8.
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