Actions taken by a state to mobilize its economy for war production
A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. Philippe Le Billon describes a war economy as a "system of producing, mobilizing and allocating resources to sustain the violence." Some measures taken include the increasing of Taylor rates as well as the introduction of resource allocation programs. Approaches to the reconfiguration of the economy differ from country to country.[1]
Many states increase the degree of planning in their economies during wars; in many cases this extends to rationing, and in some cases to conscription for civil defenses, such as the Women's Land Army and Bevin Boys in the United Kingdom during World War II. During total war situations, certain buildings and positions are often seen as important targets by combatants. The Union blockade, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea during the American Civil War, and the strategic bombing of enemy cities and factories during World War II are all examples of total war.[2]
Concerning the side of aggregate demand, the concept of a war economy has been linked to the concept of "military Keynesianism", in which the government's military budget stabilizes business cycles and fluctuations and/or is used to fight recessions. On the supply side, it has been observed[by whom?] that wars sometimes have the effect of accelerating technological progress to such an extent that an economy is greatly strengthened after the war, especially if it has avoided the war-related destruction. This was the case, for example, with the United States in World War I and World War II. Some economists (such as Seymour Melman) argue, however, that the wasteful nature of much of military spending eventually can hurt technological progress.
War is often used as a last ditch effort to prevent deteriorating economic conditions or currency crises, particularly by expanding services and employment in the military, and by simultaneously depopulating segments of the population to free up resources and restore the economic and social order. A temporary war economy can also be seen as a means to avoid the need for more permanent militarization. During World War II, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that if the Axis powers won, then "we would have to convert ourselves permanently into a militaristic power on the basis of war economy."[3]
^Philippe Le Billon, Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence (London: Frank Cass, 2005)
^Durham, Robert B. (2015). Supplying the Enemy: The Modern Arms Industry & the Military–Industrial Complex. Lulu.com. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-329-06755-4.
^Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. "The Great Arsenal of Democracy".
A wareconomy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. Philippe Le Billon...
Germans. The Nazis believed in war as the primary engine of human progress, and argued that the purpose of a country's economy should be to enable that country...
A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military...
the post-World War II era and the end of the Cold War. During the economic boom, Japan rapidly became the world's second-largest economy (after the United...
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain...
States during and after World War II, during the presidencies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. This type of economy is linked to the interdependence...
resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation. The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating...
Richard Overy, the Nazi wareconomy was a mixed economy that combined free markets with central planning and described the economy as being somewhere in...
involving planned economies. The Soviet-style planned economy in Soviet Russia evolved in the wake of a continuing existing World War I war-economy as well as...
Milward described an economy positioned between a full wareconomy and a peacetime economy. The purpose of the blitzkrieg economy was to allow the German...
The Economy of the Empire of Japan refers to the period in Japanese economic history in Imperial Japan that began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and...
World War, Great Britain drew on its First World War experience to prepare legislation that would allow immediate mobilisation of the economy for war, should...
in the economy of the U.S., from the colonial era to the present. The emphasis is on productivity and economic performance and how the economy was affected...
War discography War dove WareconomyWar effort War elephant War emergency power War film War finance War flag War college War grave War hammer War hawk...
Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession, the Seven Years' War, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Cold War, and the War on Terror...
$15.9 billion, or 23% of GDP. The Lebanese economy went through a significant expansion after the 34-day war of 2006, with growth averaging 9.1% between...
Typically, war becomes intertwined with the economy and many wars are partially or entirely based on economic reasons. Following World War II, consensus...
destruction during World War II crippled the economy. Post-war Sovietization continued, with the integration of Estonia's economy into the USSR's centrally-planned...
The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法; pinyin: Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ; lit. 'Sun Tzu's Military Method') is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the late Spring...
the second largest economy in the world from the end of World War II until the mid-1980s. A major strength of the Soviet economy was its enormous supply...
principles of war – Selection and maintenance of the aim; maintenance of morale; offensive action; surprise; security; concentration of force; economy of effort;...
In political science, a proxy war is as an armed conflict fought between two belligerents, wherein one belligerent is a non-state actor supported by an...
him greater powers in running the wareconomy. Hitler, however, was not yet ready to bring the economy to a total war footing over the objections of his...