For the borough in Western Pennsylvania, see Wampum, Pennsylvania.
Traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands Indigenous tribes of North America
Quahog and whelk wampumA representation of the original Two Row Wampum treaty beltThe process to make wampum was labor-intensive with stone tools. Only the coastal tribes had sufficient access to the basic shells to make wampum. These factors increased its scarcity and consequent value among the European traders. Wampum Georgina Ontario[clarification needed]
Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. It includes white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell and white and purple beads made from the quahog or Western North Atlantic hard-shelled clam.
In New York, wampum beads have been discovered dating before 1510.[1] Before European contact, strings of wampum were used for storytelling, ceremonial gifts, and recording important treaties and historical events, such as the Two Row Wampum Treaty[2][3] and the Hiawatha Belt. Wampum was also used by the northeastern Indigenous tribes as a means of exchange,[4] strung together in lengths for convenience. The first colonists understood it as a currency and adopted it as such in trading with them. Eventually, the colonists applied their technologies to more efficiently produce wampum, which caused inflation and ultimately its obsolescence as currency.[5][better source needed] Wampum artists continue to weave belts of a historical nature, as well as designing new belts or jewelry based on their own concepts.[6]
^Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170–171. ISBN 0-8109-3689-5.
^Bonaparte, Darren (2005). "The Two Row Wampum Belt: An Akwesasne Tradition". The Wampum Chronicles. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
^Bonaparte, Darren (August 9, 2013). "The Disputed Myth, Metaphor and Reality of the Two Row Wampum". The Wampum Chronicles. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
^Nick Szabo (2002). "Shelling Out: The Origins of Money". nakamotoinstitute.org.
^Saifedean Ammous. The Bitcoin Standard The Decentralized Alternative To Central Banking.
^Cite error: The named reference perry was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. It includes white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic...
The Two Row Wampum Treaty, also known as Guswenta or Kaswentha and as the Tawagonshi Agreement of 1613 or the Tawagonshi Treaty, is a mutual treaty agreement...
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have been used as mediums of exchange include gold, silver, copper, rice, Wampum, salt, peppercorns, large stones, decorated belts, shells, alcohol, cigarettes...
the past used by the Algonquians of Eastern North America to manufacture wampum, a type of sacred jewellery; and to make shell money. Edible: Ark clams...
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