Unknown; parchment dated to early 15th century[1][2]
Place of origin
Unknown; possibly Italy[1][2]
Language(s)
Unknown; possibly natural[3] or constructed language[4][5][a]
Author(s)
Unknown; suggested (amongst others):
Roger Bacon[6]
Wilfrid Voynich himself[7]
Jakub of Tepenec[8]
Athanasius Kircher[9]
Raphael Mnishovsky[6]
Antonio Averlino Filarete[10]
Cornelis Drebbel[11]
Anthony Ascham[4]
Material
vellum
Size
≈ 23.5 cm × 16.2 cm × 5 cm (9.3 in × 6.4 in × 2.0 in)
Format
One column in the page body, with slightly indented right margin and with paragraph divisions, and often with stars in the left margin;[12] the rest of the manuscript appears in the form of graphics (i.e. diagrams or markings for certain parts related to illustrations), containing some foldable parts
Condition
Partially damaged and incomplete; 240 out of 272 pages found (≈ 88%,[13][10][12] i.e. 18 out of 20 quires found)[b]
Script
Unknown; possibly an invented script[15][c]
Contents
Herbal, astronomical, balneological, cosmological and pharmaceutical sections and a section with recipes
Illumination(s)
Colour ink, a bit crude, was used for painting the figures, probably later than the time of creation of the text and the outlines themselves[13]
Exemplar(s)
Two manuscript copies which Baresch sent twice to Kircher in Rome
Previously kept
Unknown origin
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Jakub of Tepenec
Georg Baresch
Athanasius Kircher
(Copies)
Jan Marek Marci (Joannes Marcus Marci)
Rector of Charles University in Prague
Athanasius Kircher
Pieter Jan Beckx
Wilfrid Voynich
Ethel Voynich
Anne Nill
Hans Peter Kraus
Yale[4][9][12][16][17]
Discovered
Earliest information about its existence comes from a letter that was found inside the covers of the manuscript—the letter was written in either 1665 or 1666
Accession
MS 408
The Voynich manuscript is an illustrated codex, hand-written in an unknown script referred to as 'Voynichese.'[18] The vellum on which it is written has been carbon-dated to the early 15th century (1404–1438). Stylistic analysis has indicated the manuscript may have been composed in Italy during the Italian Renaissance.[1][2] While the origins, authorship, and purpose of the manuscript are still debated, hypotheses range from a script for a natural language or constructed language, an unread code, cypher, or other form of cryptography, or perhaps a hoax, reference work (i.e. folkloric index or compendium), or work of fiction (e.g. science fantasy or mythopoeia, metafiction, speculative fiction) currently lacking the translation(s) and context needed to both properly entertain or eliminate any of these possibilities.
The manuscript consists of around 240 pages, but there is evidence that pages are missing. The text is written from left to right, and some pages are foldable sheets of varying sizes. Most of the pages have fantastical illustrations and diagrams, some crudely coloured, with sections of the manuscript showing people, fictitious plants, astrological symbols, etc. The manuscript is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912.[19] Since 1969, it has been held in Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.[20][12][21] In 2020, Yale University published the manuscript online in its entirety in their digital library.[22]
The Voynich manuscript has been studied by both professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War I and World War II.[23] Codebreakers Prescott Currier, William Friedman, Elizebeth Friedman, and John Tiltman were unsuccessful.[24]
The manuscript has never been demonstrably deciphered, and none of the proposed hypotheses have been independently verified.[25] The mystery of its meaning and origin has excited speculation and provoked study.
^ abcSteindl, Klaus; Sulzer, Andreas (2011). "The Voynich Code — The World's Mysterious Manuscript". Archived from the original (video) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ abcStolte, Daniel (10 February 2011). "Experts determine age of book 'nobody can read'". PhysOrg. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^Cite error: The named reference Landini-2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcdeCite error: The named reference Tiltman-1967 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference plan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Bacon/Mnishovsky was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Zandbergen-origin-of-ms was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Sinapius was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Zandbergen-letters was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Pelling was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^SantaColoma, H. Richard. "New Atlantis Voynich Theory". Santa-coloma.net. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ abcdCite error: The named reference MS 408 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference analysis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Schmeh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference KennedyChurchill2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Schuster-2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference D-Imperio-1978 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Schinner 2007.
^Brumbaugh 1978
^"MS 408" (image). Yale Library. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^"Voynich Manuscript". Beinecke Library. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^"Voynich Manuscript". Yale University Library – Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
^Hogenboom, Melissa (21 June 2013). "Mysterious Voynich manuscript has 'genuine message'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^Turing =, Dermot (2020). The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park. London: Arcturus Publishing. pp. 135, 136. ISBN 978-1-78950-621-1.
^Pelling, Nick. "Voynich theories". ciphermysteries.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
and 26 Related for: Voynich manuscript information
The Voynichmanuscript is an illustrated codex, hand-written in an unknown script referred to as 'Voynichese.' The vellum on which it is written has been...
bibliophile. Voynich operated one of the largest rare book businesses in the world. He is remembered as the eponym of the Voynichmanuscript. Michał Habdank-Wojnicz...
collector and alchemist from Prague known for his connection to the Voynichmanuscript. Baresch received his baccalaureate in 1602. He studied at the Jesuit...
several manuscripts on chemistry and botany. Book dealer Wilfrid Voynich saw Sinapius's name and title at the bottom of the first page of the Voynich manuscript...
research fellow at the Open University, known for his work on the Voynichmanuscript. Born in Perth, Scotland, Rugg has a first degree in French and Linguistics...
described as having five petals, but can have more.[citation needed] The VoynichManuscript is a mysterious book written in code from Medieval times. It features...
Dee has often been associated with the Voynichmanuscript. Wilfrid Michael Voynich, who bought the manuscript in 1912, suggested that Dee may have owned...
in the VoynichManuscript match plant illustrations from the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, suggesting that the VoynichManuscript originated...
(1865–1930), Polish revolutionary, discoverer of the Voynichmanuscript, husband of Ethel Voynichmanuscript, a mysterious undeciphered document from the 15th...
- 1800s. Folio 7r-v of British Library manuscript MS 73525, pre-1550, possibly liturgical. Voynichmanuscript, carbon dated to the 15th century. Some...
Ethel Lilian Voynich (née Boole; 11 May 1864 – 27 July 1960) was an Irish-born novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes...
alchemical manuscripts of Rudolph II". Ole Peter Grell (1998). Paracelsus. p. 163. ISBN 9004111778. René Zandbergen (2017). "The history of the Voynich MS"....
fashions, and foods. It has been compared to the still undeciphered Voynichmanuscript, the story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" by Jorge Luis Borges, and...
selling some of its holdings. Voynich purchased 30 manuscripts, one of which was later to be known as the Voynichmanuscript, though the work itself purportedly...
Seraphinianus was confirmed by the author to have no occult meaning. The Voynichmanuscript uses an undeciphered writing system which some have speculated to...
of famous manuscripts. Carte Manuscripts Codex Nuttall 16th century, Mixtec Red Book of Hergest 14th about century, Welsh Voynichmanuscript unknown language...
Raleigh Mathew Roydon Mary Sidney The School of Night Books & Art Voynichmanuscript Aurora consurgens The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia A painting by...
over the Voynich crypto-analysis, when Friedman's health began becoming a challenge. D'Imperio's work resulted in the book The VoynichManuscript: An Elegant...
had recently been banned by Pope Clement XII. List of ciphertexts Voynichmanuscript "Computer Scientist Cracks Mysterious 'Copiale Cipher'". American...
lives. Glossolalia has been postulated as an explanation for the Voynichmanuscript. In the 19th century, Spiritism was developed by the work of Allan...
a role in the comic. Richard SantaColoma has speculated that the VoynichManuscript may be connected to Drebbel, initially suggesting it was Drebbel's...
Wilson also wrote a story, "The Return of the Lloigor", in which the Voynichmanuscript turns out to be a copy of the Necronomicon. With the success of the...
2004. Owners of the VoynichManuscript Retrieved Feb. 3, 2005. The World is Bound With Secret Knots Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004. Voynich MS – Biographies Retrieved...
K2Pb(SO4)2, is a rare sulfate mineral. Its presence was detected in the Voynichmanuscript. It has been found in areas of volcanic activity. "Palmierite mineral...
Cypro-Minoan syllabary Espanca Numidian language Phaistos Disc Rohonc Codex VoynichManuscript Although the script, Libyco-Berber, has been almost fully deciphered...