This article is about vision in biology. For computer-based information retrieval, see visual search engine and content-based image retrieval.
Visual search is a type of perceptual task requiring attention that typically involves an active scan of the visual environment for a particular object or feature (the target) among other objects or features (the distractors).[1] Visual search can take place with or without eye movements. The ability to consciously locate an object or target amongst a complex array of stimuli has been extensively studied over the past 40 years. Practical examples of using visual search can be seen in everyday life, such as when one is picking out a product on a supermarket shelf, when animals are searching for food among piles of leaves, when trying to find a friend in a large crowd of people, or simply when playing visual search games such as Where's Wally?
Much previous literature on visual search used reaction time in order to measure the time it takes to detect the target amongst its distractors. An example of this could be a green square (the target) amongst a set of red circles (the distractors). However, reaction time measurements do not always distinguish between the role of attention and other factors: a long reaction time might be the result of difficulty directing attention to the target, or slowed decision-making processes or slowed motor responses after attention is already directed to the target and the target has already been detected. Many visual search paradigms have therefore used eye movement as a means to measure the degree of attention given to stimuli.[2][3]
However, eyes can move independently of attention, and therefore eye movement measures do not completely capture the role of attention.[4][5]
^Treisman, AM; Gelade, G (January 1980). "A feature-integration theory of attention". Cogn Psychol. 12 (1): 97–136. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5. PMID 7351125. S2CID 353246.
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Shelga, B. M.; Riggio, L.; Rizzolatti, G. (1994). "Orienting of attention and eye movements". Experimental Brain Research. 98 (3): 507–522. doi:10.1007/bf00233988. PMID 8056071. S2CID 2280537.
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Hoffman, J. E.; B. Subramaniam (1995). "The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements". Perception and Psychophysics. 57 (6): 787–795. doi:10.3758/bf03206794. PMID 7651803.
^Klein, R; Farrell, M (1989). "Search performance without eye movements". Percept Psychophys. 46 (5): 476–82. doi:10.3758/BF03210863. PMID 2813033.
^Murthy, A; Thompson, KG; Schall, JD (2001). "Dynamic dissociation of visual selection from saccade programming in frontal eye field". J Neurophysiol. 86 (5): 2634–7. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2634. PMID 11698551. S2CID 653798.
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