A simulation of liquids with different viscosities. The liquid on the left has lower viscosity than the liquid on the right.
Common symbols
η, μ
Derivations from other quantities
μ = G·t
Dimension
Part of a series on
Continuum mechanics
Fick's laws of diffusion
Laws
Conservations
Mass
Momentum
Energy
Inequalities
Clausius–Duhem (entropy)
Solid mechanics
Deformation
Elasticity
linear
Plasticity
Hooke's law
Stress
Strain
Finite strain
Infinitesimal strain
Compatibility
Bending
Contact mechanics
frictional
Material failure theory
Fracture mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Fluids
Statics · Dynamics
Archimedes' principle · Bernoulli's principle
Navier–Stokes equations
Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law
Viscosity
(Newtonian · non-Newtonian)
Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure
Liquids
Adhesion
Capillary action
Chromatography
Cohesion (chemistry)
Surface tension
Gases
Atmosphere
Boyle's law
Charles's law
Combined gas law
Fick's law
Gay-Lussac's law
Graham's law
Plasma
Rheology
Viscoelasticity
Rheometry
Rheometer
Smart fluids
Electrorheological
Magnetorheological
Ferrofluids
Scientists
Bernoulli
Boyle
Cauchy
Charles
Euler
Fick
Gay-Lussac
Graham
Hooke
Newton
Navier
Noll
Pascal
Stokes
Truesdell
v
t
e
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.[1] For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water.[2] Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI units are newton-seconds per square meter, or pascal-seconds.[1]
Viscosity quantifies the internal frictional force between adjacent layers of fluid that are in relative motion.[1] For instance, when a viscous fluid is forced through a tube, it flows more quickly near the tube's axis than near its walls.[3] Experiments show that some stress (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to sustain the flow. This is because a force is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid which are in relative motion. For a tube with a constant rate of flow, the strength of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.
In general, viscosity depends on a fluid's state, such as its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain cases. For example, the viscosity of a Newtonian fluid does not vary significantly with the rate of deformation.
Zero viscosity (no resistance to shear stress) is observed only at very low temperatures in superfluids; otherwise, the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity.[4][5] A fluid that has zero viscosity (non-viscous) is called ideal or inviscid.
^ abc"Viscosity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
^Growing up with Science. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 1928. ISBN 978-0-7614-7521-7.
^E. Dale Martin (1961). A Study of Laminar Compressible Viscous Pipe Flow Accelerated by an Axial Body Force, with Application to Magnetogasdynamics. NASA. p. 7.
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness":...
In mathematics, the viscosity solution concept was introduced in the early 1980s by Pierre-Louis Lions and Michael G. Crandall as a generalization of...
the apparent viscosity is constant, and equal to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, but for non-Newtonian fluids, the apparent viscosity depends on the...
The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in viscosity relative to temperature change. It is mostly used to characterize...
inherent viscosity is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity of a polymer to its mass concentration. Inherent viscosity is defined...
Dynamic viscosity is a material property which describes the resistance of a fluid to shearing flows. It corresponds roughly to the intuitive notion of...
antiwear additives, detergents, dispersants, and, for multi-grade oils, viscosity index improvers.[citation needed] The main function of motor oil is to...
Viscosity depends strongly on temperature. In liquids it usually decreases with increasing temperature, whereas, in most gases, viscosity increases with...
Relative viscosity (ηrel{\displaystyle \eta _{rel}}) (a synonym of "viscosity ratio") is the ratio of the viscosity of a solution (η{\displaystyle \eta...
Intrinsic viscosity [η]{\displaystyle \left[\eta \right]} is a measure of a solute's contribution to the viscosity η{\displaystyle \eta } of a solution...
Volume viscosity (also called bulk viscosity, or second viscosity or, dilatational viscosity) is a material property relevant for characterizing fluid...
In fluid dynamics, the reduced viscosity of a polymer is the ratio of the relative viscosity increment (ηi{\displaystyle \eta _{i}}) to the mass concentration...
describe the viscous stress and the strain rate are related by a constant viscosity tensor that does not depend on the stress state and velocity of the flow...
This equation represents apparent viscosity where apparent viscosity is the shear stress divided by shear rate. Viscosity is dependent on stress. This is...
volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra, not lava flows.) The viscosity of most lava is about that of ketchup, roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times...
The shear viscosity (or viscosity, in short) of a fluid is a material property that describes the friction between internal neighboring fluid surfaces...
properties play significant roles in disease processes. Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which...
Extensional viscosity (also known as elongational viscosity) is a viscosity coefficient when the applied stress is extensional stress. It is often used...
loss of viscosity and alkalies in strong concentration also tend to reduce viscosity. It is insoluble in most hydrocarbon solvents. The viscosity attained...
be characterized by a single coefficient of viscosity for a specific temperature. Although this viscosity will change with temperature, it does not change...
High viscosity mixers are mixers designed for mixing materials with laminar mixing processes because the ingredients have such high viscosities that a...
rheology, shear thinning is the non-Newtonian behavior of fluids whose viscosity decreases under shear strain. It is sometimes considered synonymous for...
Viscosity printing is a multi-color printmaking technique that incorporates principles of relief printing and intaglio printing. It was pioneered by Stanley...
A Mooney viscometer is an instrument used for measuring the Mooney viscosity of rubbers. Invented by Melvin Mooney, it contains a rotating spindle and...
The Ford viscosity cup is a simple gravity device that permits the timed flow of a known volume of liquid passing through an orifice located at the bottom...
shaken, agitated, shear-stressed, or otherwise stressed (time-dependent viscosity). They then take a fixed time to return to a more viscous state. Some...
are given by augmenting the molecular viscosity with an eddy viscosity. This can be a simple constant eddy viscosity (which works well for some free shear...