The water-water energetic reactor (WWER),[1] or VVER (from Russian: водо-водяной энергетический реактор; transliterates as vodo-vodyanoi enyergeticheskiy reaktor; water-water power reactor) is a series of pressurized water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress.[2] The idea of such a reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute by Savely Moiseevich Feinberg. VVER were originally developed before the 1970s, and have been continually updated. As a result, the name VVER is associated with a wide variety of reactor designs spanning from generation I reactors to modern generation III+ reactor designs. Power output ranges from 70 to 1300 MWe, with designs of up to 1700 MWe in development.[3][4] The first prototype VVER-210 was built at the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.
VVER power stations have mostly been installed in Russia, but also in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, China, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, India and Iran. Countries that are planning to introduce VVER reactors include Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey. Germany shut down its VVER reactors in 1989-90,[5] and cancelled those under construction.
^"Kudankulam nuclear plant starts generating power, connected to southern grid". The Times Of India.
^"Historical notes". OKB Gidropress. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
^"WWER-type reactor plants". OKB Gidropress. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^Cite error: The named reference wnn-20190614 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Nuclear Reactors in Germany", World Nuclear Association
fuel (of various compositions) from power reactors (BN-350, VVER-440, BN-600, RBMK-1000, VVER-1000; BN-MOX), from the research reactors of Russian and foreign...
the first of the two units is expected to go into operation in 2024. The VVER-1200/523 Nuclear reactor and critical infrastructures are being built by...
as of 2018. The VVER-1200 pressurised water reactor is the system currently offered for construction, being an evolution of the VVER-1000 with increased...
developments, however, certain older VVER models raise a high level of concern, especially the VVER-440 V230. The VVER-440 V230 has no containment building...
Most use anywhere from two to four vertically mounted steam generators; VVER reactors use horizontal steam generators. PWRs were originally designed to...
foundations. The first VVER-TOI reactor. Kursk-II-1 and II-2 will replace Kursk 1 and 2 RBMK which are approaching end of life. As two more VVER-TOI Units are...
building. As an example, Rosatom installed a 200-tonne core catcher in the VVER reactor as the first large piece of equipment in the reactor building of...
after the annexation of Crimea. In 2018, Westinghouse's contract to supply VVER fuel was extended to 2025. Oil and natural gas provide the remainder of the...
delays due to opposition from local fishermen. KKNPP is scheduled to have six VVER-1000 reactors built in collaboration with Atomstroyexport, the Russian state...
operation". Retrieved 31 January 2024. "The construction of the 2nd innovative VVER-TOI power block at the Kursk NPP-2 site has started ahead of schedule". rosenergoatom...
ongoing agreement of 1988 vintage with India regarding establishing of two VVER 1000 MW reactors (water-cooled water-moderated light water power reactors)...
higher temperatures. One SCWR design under development is the VVER-1700/393 (VVER-SCWR or VVER-SKD) – a Russian SCWR with double-inlet-core and a breeding...
between 2 reactors. In 2008, construction started on Leningrad II with 2 VVER-1200 type reactors. They will eventually replace the RBMK units as they are...
Hungary's electricity production. VVER is the Soviet designation for a pressurized water reactor. The number following VVER, in this case 440, represents...
the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the plant's design was again re-drawn to use VVER-1000 reactors. All construction came to a complete stop in 1990, not long...
Egypt, about 320 kilometers northwest of Cairo. The plant will have four VVER-1200 reactors, making Egypt the only country in the region to have a Generation...
kilometers west of Yerevan in Armenia. The ANPP complex consists of two VVER-440 Model V270 nuclear reactors, each capable of generating 407.5 megawatts...
966 MW net. Units 5 and 6, constructed in 1987 and 1991, respectively are VVER-1000 reactors. By 2017, Unit 5 was to be upgraded to reach a capacity of...
memorandum of understanding with Ciner Insaat Ticaret ve Sanayi to promote its VVER-design pressurized water reactors in Turkey. In Bangladesh, proposals have...
modern VVER type reactors. The three sites (Kursk I, Leningrad I, Smolensk I) which all consist of 3+ RBMK reactors are going to be replaced with VVER-1200...
Notes Armenian Yerevan Armenian 1 VVER 408 1976-1988 Shutdown after the Spitak Earthquake and Chernobyl accident 2 VVER 440 1980-1988, 1995– Shutdown after...
Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant, was planned to house eight of the Russian 440 MW VVER-440 reactors. The first four went online between 1973 and 1979. Greifswald...
VVER-1000 reactor of 1060 MWe capacity, with construction started in 1999. Two further Tianwan units started in 2012 use the same version of the VVER-1000...
contractor for the project, Atomstroyexport, would install a V-320 915 MWe VVER-1000 pressurized water reactor into the existing Bushehr I building, with...
French and Russian PWRs targeting to explore future possibilities for the new VVER-1200 nuclear power plant units in Hungary". "Definition of "baseload"". www...
contract to supply VVER fuel was extended to 2025. In 2018, Westinghouse, under a further EU-funded project, started developing VVER-440 fuel. In October...
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