Kinematic prediction of quantum field theory for an accelerating observer
The Unruh effect (also known as the Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is a theoretical prediction in quantum field theory that an observer who is uniformly accelerating through empty space will perceive a thermal bath. This means that even in the absence of any external heat sources, an accelerating observer will detect particles and experience a temperature. In contrast, an inertial observer in the same region of spacetime would observe no temperature.[1]
In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame. In layperson's terms, an accelerating thermometer in empty space (like one being waved around), without any other contribution to its temperature, will record a non-zero temperature, just from its acceleration. Heuristically, for a uniformly accelerating observer, the ground state of an inertial observer is seen as a mixed state in thermodynamic equilibrium with a non-zero temperature bath.
The Unruh effect was first described by Stephen Fulling in 1973, Paul Davies in 1975 and W. G. Unruh in 1976.[2][3][4] It is currently not clear whether the Unruh effect has actually been observed, since the claimed observations are disputed. There is also some doubt about whether the Unruh effect implies the existence of Unruh radiation.
^Matsas, George (2002). "The Fulling-Davies-Unruh Effect is Mandatory: The Proton's Testimony". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 11 (10): 1573–1577. arXiv:gr-qc/0205078. doi:10.1142/S0218271802002918. S2CID 16555072.
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Fulling, S. A. (1973). "Nonuniqueness of Canonical Field Quantization in Riemannian Space-Time". Physical Review D. 7 (10): 2850–2862. Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.2850F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2850.
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Davies, P. C. W. (1975). "Scalar production in Schwarzschild and Rindler metrics". Journal of Physics A. 8 (4): 609–616. Bibcode:1975JPhA....8..609D. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/8/4/022.
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Unruh, W. G. (1976). "Notes on black-hole evaporation". Physical Review D. 14 (4): 870–892. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..14..870U. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.870.
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