This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Unification of Saudi Arabia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure.(May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Unification of Saudi Arabia
Part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I (1914–1918) Aftermath of World War I
Present Saudi state (Saudi Arabia)
Date
November 1901 – 14 June 1934
Location
Arabian Peninsula (including South Arabia), Mandatory Iraq, Transjordan and Kuwait
Result
Saudi takeover of central and northern parts of Arabia:
End of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar and Kingdom of Hejaz.
End of the Ottoman empire and its presence in the Arabian Peninsula.
Proclamation and establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
Annexation of Asir, Najran and Jizan after the Saudi–Yemeni War in 1934.
Belligerents
3rd Saudi State
Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913)
Emirate of Nejd & Hasa (1913–1921)
Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926)
Kingdom of Hejaz & Nejd (1926–1932)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (from 1932)
House of Saud
Saudi Army
Ikhwan
Supported by: United Kingdom[1][2] Italy[3] Soviet Union[4][5]
Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Saud bin Abdulaziz[8] Faisal bin Abdulaziz[9][10] Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman[10][11] Sultan bin Bajad Faisal al-Duwaish Eqab bin Mohaya Khaled bin Luai
Hussein bin Ali Ali bin Hussein
Fakhri Pasha Abdulaziz bin Mitab † Saud bin Abdulaziz Ajlan bin Mohammed Al Ajlan †
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din Ahmad bin Yahya
Strength
76,500 in 1925 150,000 in 1928 400,000 in 1932[12]
38,000[citation needed]
23,000[13]
37,000[14]
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Unknown
18,000+ killed in total[A][15]
v
t
e
Unification of Saudi Arabia
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)
Riyadh
Dilam
Unaizah
Buraidah
Bekeriyah
Shinanah
Rawdat Muhanna
Tarafiyah
Hadia [ar]
al-Hasa
Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915-1918)
Jarrab
Kanzan
al-Khurma
Hajla [ar]
Hurmula
Ha'il
1st Kuwait
Transjordan
Hejaz
2nd Kuwait
Ikhwan Revolt
Official proclamation
Yemen
Part of a series on the
History of Saudi Arabia
Ancient Arabia
Early Islamic State
Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad and Abbasid periods
Sharifate of Mecca
Ottoman rule
Jabrids
Bani Khalid Emirate
Emirate of Diriyah
Mu'ammarid Imamate
Emirate of Nejd
Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Emirate of Riyadh
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
Kingdom of Hejaz
Idrisid Emirate of Asir
Sheikdom of Upper Asir
Sultanate of Nejd
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Unification
Declaration of unification
Saudi Arabia portal
v
t
e
The Unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the central Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud. Unification started in 1902 and continued until 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Abdulaziz, known in the West as Ibn Saud, creating what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State and the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, also House of Saud states.
The Al-Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, after their second episode of removal from power and dissolution of their polity, this time by the Al Rashid Emirate of Ha'il. In 1902, Abdulaziz Al Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (the location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with al-Hasa into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
It has often been claimed that this process caused some 400,000 to 800,000 casualties. However, recent research suggests that though bloody, the number of deaths and injuries was significantly lower.[16]
^Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.45
^Leatherdale, Clive. and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: the Imperial Oasis. p.115.
^Chisholm, Hugh (25 March 2018). "The Encyclopedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information". The Encyclopedia Britannica Co.
^Barmin, Yury. "How Moscow lost Riyadh in 1938". www.aljazeera.com.
^"Karim Hakimov – "Red Pasha" and the Arabian Vizier of the Kremlin". islam-russia.com.
^"The Story of the Shammar Tribe, the Indigenous Inhabitants of the Region". رصيف 22. 14 March 2018.
^Almana 1982, p. 271.
^Upbringing & Education 1902–1915 Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine – The King Saud Foundation Website
^Helmut Mejcher (May 2004). "King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in the Arena of World Politics: A Glimpse from Washington, 1950 to 1971" (PDF). British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1080/1353019042000203412. S2CID 218601838. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
^ abAl Kahtani, Mohammad Zaid (December 2004). "The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz" (PDF). University of Leeds. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^Sabri, Sharaf (2001). The House of Saud in commerce: A study of royal entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: I.S. Publications. ISBN 81-901254-0-0.
^"الجيش السعودي.. من قوة «الإخوان» إلى القوة النظامية". Arsharq Al-Awsat. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015.
^Murphy, David (2008). The Arab Revolt 1916-18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze. Osprey Publishing. p. 26.
^Kostiner, Joseph (2 December 1993). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. pp. 170, 171. ISBN 9780195360707.
^Cite error: The named reference narrative was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Eden, Jeff (2019). "Did Ibn Saud's militants cause 400,000 casualties? Myths and evidence about the Wahhabi conquests, 1902–1925". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (4): 519–534. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1434612. S2CID 149088619.
and 24 Related for: Unification of Saudi Arabia information
The UnificationofSaudiArabia was a military and political campaign in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most...
The Declaration of the UnificationofSaudiArabia (Arabic: إعلان توحيد المملكة العربية السعودية, romanized: Īʿlān Taūḥīd Al-Mamlakah al-ʿArabīyah as-Suʿūdīyah)...
13 first-level administrative divisions of the Kingdom ofSaudiArabia. After the unificationofSaudiArabia, the kingdom was divided into seven provinces:...
oldest living head of state, the oldest living monarch, and SaudiArabia's first head of state born after the unificationofSaudiArabia. He has a reported...
history ofSaudiArabia begins with the declaration of the unificationofSaudiArabia in a single kingdom in 1932. This period of time in SaudiArabia's history...
Transport in SaudiArabia is facilitated through a relatively young system of roads, railways and seaways. Most of the network started construction after...
sæˈʕuːd]; 14 April 1906 – 25 March 1975) was a SaudiArabian statesman and diplomat who was King ofSaudiArabia from 2 November 1964 until his assassination...
The King ofSaudiArabia, officially the King of the Kingdom ofSaudiArabia (Arabic: ملك المملكة العربية السعودية), is the monarch and head of state/government...
Communist Party in SaudiArabia (Arabic: الحزب الشيوعي في السعودية, al-Hizb ash-Shuyu'i fi as-Sa'udiyah) was a political party in SaudiArabia. The Communist...
Saudi Aramco (Arabic: أرامكو السعودية ʾArāmkū as-Suʿūdiyyah), officially the SaudiArabian Oil Group or simply Aramco (formerly Arabian-American Oil Company)...
of what is now Saudi Arabia. Saudi rule was restored to central and eastern Arabia after the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, having previously...
Prime Minister ofSaudiArabia from 1 August 2005 until his death in 2015. Prior to his ascension, he was Crown Prince ofSaudiArabia since 13 June 1982...
Royal Saudi Armed Forces, is part of the military forces of the Kingdom ofSaudiArabia. It consists of the Royal Saudi Army, the Royal Saudi Navy, the...
SaudiArabia celebrated annually on 23 September to commemorate the proclamation that renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz as the Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia...
the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, The fortress played an integral role in the UnificationofSaudiArabia, with the Battle of Riyadh, one of the most important...
history of the Arabian Peninsula. For the final galleries the visitor enters the "Unification Drum" which has displays about the current Saudi State. The...
ArabiaUnificationofSaudiArabia Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Nejd Emirate of Nejd and Hasa Emirate of Jabal Shammar Sultanate of Nejd Kingdom of Hejaz...
The following is a list of cities and towns in SaudiArabia. "SaudiArabia: Regions & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web...
sovereign wealth fund ofSaudiArabia. It is among the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world with total estimated assets of US$925 billion (£726...
The legal system ofSaudiArabia is based on Sharia, Islamic law derived from the Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad...
Emirate of Transjordan and the Kingdom of Iraq. History ofSaudiArabia List of modern conflicts in the Middle East List of wars involving SaudiArabia Medina...
punishment in SaudiArabia is a legal punishment, with most executions in the country being carried out by decapitation (beheading) – SaudiArabia being the...