"Active support" redirects here. For the engineering concept, see Active structure.
Ultras of Levski SofiaUltras of Lazio
Ultras are a type of association football fans who are renowned for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes singing football chants, playing musical instruments such as drums, their use of flares and smoke bombs (primarily in tifo choreography), frequent use of elaborate displays, vocal support in large groups and the displaying of flags and banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing players and their supporters. These groups also commonly organise trips to attend away games.
Ultras groups have been responsible for many cases of football hooliganism and violence,[1] although differently from hooligan firms, ultras do not have the explicit objective of fighting other fans.[2] Ultras groups are also in some cases directly linked to ideologies like neo-Nazism and other forms of far-right politics,[3][4][5] and sometimes far-left politics.[6][7] In some instances, hooliganism and/or this politicisation goes to the point where support for their team is relegated to a secondary feature of the phenomenon.[8]
In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialisation of sports and football in particular.[9] Ultras also have regional variants and analogues, such as hooligans in the United Kingdom, barra bravas in Hispanic America,[10] and torcidas organizadas in Brazil.[11]
^Cite error: The named reference Spiked was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"What is a football ultra? Serie A hardcore fan culture explained".
^Pantelick, Nicolas (2 February 2022). "Fanaticism and the "Ultras" Movement: How Far Will You Go to Support Your Team?". Harvard International Review.
^Parkin, Simon (24 April 2018). "The rise of Russia's neo-Nazi football hooligans". The Guardian.
^"The dark heart of Italian soccer". CBC Sports. 15 April 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^"Learning from adjacent fields: the relation between extremism and hooliganism" (PDF). home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. 25–26 October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
^Jones, Tobias (26 March 2020). "1312 by James Montague review – inside the world of football's ultras". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^"Fan tragedy sends the fight against Ultras back to square one". The Guardian. 12 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^"Are German fans really turning against the beautiful game?". The Guardian. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
^"World Cup 2022: Argentina's 'barras bravas' bring the noise – DW – 12/11/2022". dw.com. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
^"Torcidas Organizadas: Torcidas Organizadas no Brasil e no Mundo". Brasil Escola (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 8 March 2023.
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