Ulmus laevis Pall., variously known as the European white elm,[2]fluttering elm, spreading elm, stately elm and, in the United States, the Russian elm, is a large deciduous tree native to Europe, from France[3] northeast to southern Finland, east beyond the Urals into Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, and southeast to Bulgaria and the Crimea; there are also disjunct populations in the Caucasus and Spain, the latter now considered a relict population rather than an introduction by man, and possibly the origin of the European population.[4]U. laevis is rare in the UK, although its random distribution, together with the absence of any record of its introduction, has led at least one British authority to consider it native.[5] NB: The epithet 'white' elm commonly used by British foresters alluded to the timber of the wych elm.[6]
The species was first identified, as Ulmus laevis, by Pallas, in his Flora Rossica published in 1784.[7] The tree is allogamous and is most closely related to the American elm U. americana.[8]
Endemic to alluvial forest, U. laevis is rarely encountered at elevations above 400 m.[9] Most commonly found along rivers such as the Volga and Danube, it is one of very few elms tolerant of prolonged waterlogged, anoxic ground conditions. The species is threatened by habitat destruction and disturbance in some countries, notably Spain. Flood control schemes are particularly harmful, as seed dispersion is reliant on floods, while abstraction from aquifers lowering ground water levels has compromised the development of the trees.
Although not possessed of an innate genetic resistance to Dutch elm disease, the species is rarely infected in western Europe.[8]
^Barstow, M. & Harvey-Brown, Y. 2017. Ulmus laevis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T61967009A61967013. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61967009A61967013.en. Downloaded on 12 April 2021.
^BSBI List 2007(xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^Photographs of U. laevis (L'Orme lisse) in France: in the Forêt du Romersberg, Moselle, [1] (bottom of page), and near Walbourg, Bas-Rhin,[2] (top of page); Archive Krapo arboricole
^Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Squirrell, J., Hollingsworth, P. M. & Gil, L. (2006). Ulmus laevis (Pallas) in the Iberian Peninsula. An introduced or relict tree species? New data from cpDNA analysis. Genetics Society, Ecological Genetics Group conference, University of Wales Aberystwyth 2006.
^Medhurst, J. (2013). Archive for the tree detail text Category, p30. [3]
^Edlin, H. L. (1947). British Woodland Trees, p.26. 3rd. edition. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.
^Pallas, P. S. (1784). Flora Rossica. i.75, t.48, f.F.
^ abCollin, E. (2003). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for European white elm (Ulmus laevis)(PDF). Rome, Italy: IPGRI. ISBN 92-9043-603-4.
^Girard, S. (2007). Dossier: L'orme: nouveaux espoirs? Forêt entreprise No. 175, Juillet 2007, Institut pour le developpement forestier, Paris.
Ulmuslaevis Pall., variously known as the European white elm, fluttering elm, spreading elm, stately elm and, in the United States, the Russian elm, is...
the single 4.5 millimeters (1⁄8 inch) seed. As in the closely related Ulmuslaevis (European white elm), the flowers and seeds are borne on 1–3 cm long...
though at 87 μg/g dried bark, its concentration is not as effective as in Ulmuslaevis (200 μg/g). Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized...
rather than survive it. A clear example would be the European White Elm (Ulmuslaevis) which, while having little or no genetic resistance to DED, synthesizes...
microspecies in some areas, mainly in the Ulmus field elm (Ulmus minor) group. Oliver Rackham describes Ulmus as the most critical genus in the entire...
cultivars, though Meehan misnamed Ulmus americana 'Beebe's Weeping' as U. fulva pendula (1889) and Späth misnamed Ulmus americana 'Pendula' U. fulva (Michx...
Tree Taxus baccata, European Yew, especially shade tolerant Ulmus glabra, Wych Elm Ulmuslaevis, European White Elm Intermediate shade tolerant Acer campestre...
Iberian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. The larvae feed on Ulmus glabra, Ulmuslaevis and Ulmus minor. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Wikispecies...
stains.[citation needed] Subspecies, varieties, and forms: Ulmus parvifolia var. coreana Nakai Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata Ueki The Chinese elm is highly...
Ulmus pumila, the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes miscalled the 'Chinese elm'...
European elm species (Ulmus glabra Huds., Ulmuslaevis Pall. and Ulmus minor), all are susceptible to infection by O. ulmi, but Ulmus glabra has a much smaller...
in July in two generations per year. The larvae feed on Ulmus glabra, Ulmuslaevis and Ulmus minor. "Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering, 1931". Fauna Europaea...
what were possibly the earliest plantings of the European White Elm, Ulmuslaevis, in the UK. The gardens are now Grade II* listed in the National Register...
wing in May and again in August. The larvae feed on Ulmus glabra, Ulmuslaevis, Ulmus minor and Ulmus pumila. They mine the leaves of their host plant....
Bulgaria and from France to eastern Russia. Its larvae feed on Ulmus glabra, Ulmuslaevis and Ulmus minor, mining the leaves of their host plant. "Phyllonorycter...
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