UMkhonto we Sizwe information

uMkhonto we Sizwe
uMkhonto we Sizwe
Founder	Nelson Mandela
Leaders	Nelson Mandela; Oliver Tambo; Walter Sisulu; Govan Mbeki; Joe Slovo; Lennox Lagu; Joe Modise; Chris Hani; Raymond Mhlaba; Moses Mabhida; Ronnie Kasrils; Isaac Lesiba Maphotho; Siphiwe Nyanda; Godfrey Ngwenya;
Dates of operation	1961–1993
Allegiance	ANC; SACP
Ideology	Communism; Marxism–Leninism; Left-wing nationalism; Pan-Africanism; Anti-apartheid;
Political position	Far-left
Allies	Algeria; Angola; Cuba; Libya; Palestine Liberation Organisation; Mozambique; United Arab Republic; Zimbabwe
Opponents	South Africa; Rhodesia
Battles and wars	Angolan Civil War; South African Border War; Rhodesian Bush War; Internal resistance to apartheid
Designated as a terrorist group by	South Africa

uMkhonto we Sizwe (Xhosa pronunciation: [um̩ˈkʰonto we ˈsizwe]; abbreviated MK; English: Spear of the Nation) was the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress (ANC), and was founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre. Its mission was to fight against the South African government.^[1]

After warning the South African government in June 1961 of its intent to resist further acts of government-instituted terror if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, uMkhonto we Sizwe launched its first attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African government, and banned.^[2]

For a time it was headquartered in Rivonia, then rural but now an affluent suburb of Johannesburg. On 11 July 1963, 19 ANC and uMkhonto we Sizwe leaders, including Arthur Goldreich and Walter Sisulu, were arrested at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia. The farm was privately owned by Arthur Goldreich and bought with South African Communist Party and ANC funds, as non-whites were unable to own a property in that area under the Group Areas Act. This was followed by the Rivonia Trial, in which 10 leaders of the ANC were tried for 221 militant acts designed to "foment violent revolution". Wilton Mkwayi, chief of uMkhonto we Sizwe at the time, escaped during trial.

The organisation was formally disbanded in a ceremony at Orlando Stadium in Soweto, Gauteng, on 16 December 1993, although the armed struggle had been suspended earlier, during the negotiations to end apartheid.^[3]

^ "Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe". African National Congress. 16 December 1961. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
^ "The African National Congress website – Umkhonto we Sizwe". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ Lissoni, Arianna (22 December 2021). "Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK): The ANC's Armed Wing, 1961–1993". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1098. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[mk-1] "Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe". African National Congress. 16 December 1961. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.

[2] "The African National Congress website – Umkhonto we Sizwe". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.

[3] Lissoni, Arianna (22 December 2021). "Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK): The ANC's Armed Wing, 1961–1993". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.1098. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

UMkhonto we Sizwe information

and 27 Related for: UMkhonto we Sizwe information

UMkhonto we Sizwe

History of the African National Congress

Day of Reconciliation

Merit Medal in Silver

Star for Bravery in Gold

Service Medal in Gold

Chris Hani

Star for Bravery in Silver

Service Medal in Silver

Umkhonto

Jacob Zuma

Conspicuous Leadership Star

Presidency of Nelson Mandela

Service Medal in Bronze

African National Congress

Visvin Reddy

Nelson Mandela

Prince Far I

Operation Nickel

Kgalema Motlanthe

Govan Mbeki

Walter Sisulu

South Africa Service Medal

South African military decorations

Joe Modise

Merit Medal in Bronze

Gregory Nthatisi

Apartheid
Part of a series on
Events 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street, Pretoria bombing Vaal uprising Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre
Organisations ANC APLA IFP AWB BBB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU Security Branch SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council
People Vernon Berrangé P. W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F. W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Mac Maharaj D. F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu J. G. Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H. F. Verwoerd B. J. Vorster Jacob Zuma
Places Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South-West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas
Related topics Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Disinvestment campaign Freedom Charter Internal resistance to apartheid Kairos Document Music in the movement against apartheid Nostalgia for apartheid Project Coast Sullivan Principles
Category
v t e