Twelve Metal Colossi information

Twelve Metal Colossi
Twelve Metal Colossi
	Size of the colossi: according to Chinese accounts, the colossi were 11.5 meters high, and each statue weighed about 30 to 60 tons.
Material	Bronze
Size	11.5 m high, 30-60 tons each.
Created	Xianyang, China, end of 3rd century BCE
Present location	lost (melted), 2nd and 4th century CE
	-210 GRECO; BACTRIANS PAR-; THIA Pazyryk; culture SAKAS Tagar; culture Sagly; culture Shule Khotan DONGHU SABEANS Ordos; culture Dian; culture JIN YUEZHI Subeshi Wusun SELEUCID; EMPIRE MAURYA; EMPIRE QIN; DYNASTY XIONGNU PTOLE-; MIES MEROË Scythians Sarmatians ◁ ▷ class=notpageimage\| Continental Asia with main polities in 221 BCE when Emperor Qin discovered the "great men", and locations of Lintao () and Xianyang near Xi'an ()

The Twelve Metal Colossi (十二金人) were twelve bronze monumental statues cast after 221 BCE by the order of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. After defeating the other six Warring States during Qin's wars of unification, Qin Shi Huang had their bronze weapons collected and melted them down to be recast as bells and statues. Particularly noteworthy among them were twelve human statues, each said to have weighed a thousand dan [about 30 tons].^[2]^[3]^[1]^[4] The Emperor displayed them in the palace.^[5] Sima Qian considered the casting of these monumental statues as one of the great achievements of the Emperor, on a par with the "unification of the law, weights and measurements, standardization of the axle width of carriages, and standardization of the writing system".^[6]^[7] The statues were destroyed in the 4th century CE. No illustrations have survived.^[8]^[9]

^ ^a ^b Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). "Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis". Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 67–70, note 22. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.25. ISSN 2059-1632. S2CID 251690411. Received texts actually provide two different weight measurements for the statues. The one reports that they weighed one thousand shi (approx. 29,760 kg), while the other reports they weighed 240,000 jin (approx. 59,520 kg) each.
^ Portal 2007, p. 129.
^ 收天下兵，聚之咸阳，销以为钟镣，金人十二，各重千石，置廷宫中. Records of the Grand Historian (translation: collect the weapons of tianxia, to amass them to Xianyang, melt them to cast 12 colossus, each weighing a thousand dan, and put them in the palace)
^ Barnes, Gina L. (31 October 2015). Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan. Oxbow Books. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-1-78570-073-6.
^ Lei, Haizong (23 April 2020). Chinese Culture and the Chinese Military. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-108-47918-9.
^ Shiji by the historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86 BC), after Liu An in the Huainanzi circa 139 BCE: 收天下兵, 聚之咸陽, 銷以為鍾鐻金人十二, 重各千石, 置廷宮中. 一法度衡石丈尺. 車同軌. 書同文字.
"He collected the weapons of All-Under-Heaven in Xianyang, and cast them into twelve bronze figures of the type of bell stands, each 1000 dan [about 30 tons] in weight, and displayed them in the palace. He unified the law, weights and measurements, standardized the axle width of carriages, and standardized the writing system."
Quoted Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). "The First Emperor and sculpture in China". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 76 (3): 436–450. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000487. ISSN 0041-977X.
^ Howard, Angela Falco; Hung, Wu; Song, Li; Hong, Yang (1 January 2006). Chinese Sculpture. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-300-10065-5.
^ Barnes, Gina L. (31 October 2015). Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan. Oxbow Books. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-78570-073-6.
^ Elsner, Jaś (22 October 2020). Figurines: Figuration and the Sense of Scale. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-886109-6.

[Weight-1] Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). "Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis". Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 67–70, note 22. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.25. ISSN 2059-1632. S2CID 251690411. Received texts actually provide two different weight measurements for the statues. The one reports that they weighed one thousand shi (approx. 29,760 kg), while the other reports they weighed 240,000 jin (approx. 59,520 kg) each.

[FOOTNOTEPortal2007129-2] Portal 2007, p. 129.

[3] 收天下兵，聚之咸阳，销以为钟镣，金人十二，各重千石，置廷宫中. Records of the Grand Historian (translation: collect the weapons of tianxia, to amass them to Xianyang, melt them to cast 12 colossus, each weighing a thousand dan, and put them in the palace)

[4] Barnes, Gina L. (31 October 2015). Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan. Oxbow Books. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-1-78570-073-6.

[5] Lei, Haizong (23 April 2020). Chinese Culture and the Chinese Military. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-108-47918-9.

[Sima-6] Shiji by the historian Sima Qian (c. 145–86 BC), after Liu An in the Huainanzi circa 139 BCE: 收天下兵, 聚之咸陽, 銷以為鍾鐻金人十二, 重各千石, 置廷宮中. 一法度衡石丈尺. 車同軌. 書同文字.
"He collected the weapons of All-Under-Heaven in Xianyang, and cast them into twelve bronze figures of the type of bell stands, each 1000 dan [about 30 tons] in weight, and displayed them in the palace. He unified the law, weights and measurements, standardized the axle width of carriages, and standardized the writing system."
Quoted Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). "The First Emperor and sculpture in China". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 76 (3): 436–450. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000487. ISSN 0041-977X.

[Chinese_Sculpture-7] Howard, Angela Falco; Hung, Wu; Song, Li; Hong, Yang (1 January 2006). Chinese Sculpture. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-300-10065-5.

[Oxbow_Books-8] Barnes, Gina L. (31 October 2015). Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan. Oxbow Books. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-78570-073-6.

[Oxford_University_Press-9] Elsner, Jaś (22 October 2020). Figurines: Figuration and the Sense of Scale. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-886109-6.

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