Biome where plant growth is hindered by frigid temperatures
For other uses, see Tundra (disambiguation).
Tundra
Tundra in Greenland
Map showing Arctic tundra
Geography
Area
11,563,300[1] km2 (4,464,600 sq mi)
Climate type
ET
In physical geography, tundra (/ˈtʌndrə,ˈtʊn-/) is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term is a Russian word adapted from Sámi languages.[2] There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra,[3] alpine tundra,[3] and Antarctic tundra.[4]
Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.[3] The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the permafrost, making the tundra soil a carbon sink. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the permafrost carbon cycle accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating a feedback cycle that increases climate change.
^"Ecoregions". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
^Aapala, Kirsti. "Tunturista jängälle" [From fell to mountain] (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
^ abc"The Tundra Biome". The World's Biomes. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
^"Terrestrial Ecoregions: Antarctica". Wild World. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
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