The Tsardom of Russia,[a] also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy,[b] was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year.[11] The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, wars with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian conquest of Siberia, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the Great Northern War, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire after victory over Sweden in 1721.
^W. Werth, Paul (2014). The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0199591770.
^ abPopulation of Russia Archived 8 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Tacitus.nu (30 August 2008). Retrieved on 20 August 2013.
^History of Russia Archived 25 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. [Vol. 2, p. 10] Academia.edu (28 December 2010). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^Population and Territory of Russia 1646–1917 Archived 24 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Warconflict.ru (2014). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^Хорошкевич, А. Л. Символы русской государственности. -М. :Изд-во МГУ,1993. -96 с. :ил., фот. ISBN 5-211-02521-0
^Костомаров Н. И. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей. Olma Media Group, 2004 [1]
^later changed to: Российское царство, Rossiyskoye tsarstvo), Зимин А. А., Хорошкевич А. Л. Россия времени Ивана Грозного. Москва, Наука, 1982
^Перевезенцев, С. В. Смысл русской истории, Вече, 2004
^Monahan, Erika (2016). "Russia: 3. Tsardom of Muscovy (1547–1721)". The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe425. ISBN 978-1118455074.
^Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^Pipes, Richard. Russia under the old regime. p. 83.
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