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Tribigild, also called Tarbigilus (Latin: Tribigildus; Greek: Τριβιγίλδος; fl. 399) was an Ostrogothic general whose rebellion against the Eastern Roman Empire precipitated a major political crisis during the reign of Emperor Arcadius.
Tribigild appears in the historical record as the leader of a colony of Greuthungi mercenary cavalrymen in Nakoleia,[1] Phrygia and as a military confederate of the Roman state, holding the rank of comes.[2][3] This group of Goths and Greuthungi that had settled in Phrygia were mostly remnants of the group of Goths which had been under the command of Odotheus before he was defeated in battle. Tribigild was given command of this group, and the rank of comes, due to a victory against the Huns in 386. In 399, due to an insult to his honor caused by an insufficiently extravagant reception at the imperial court in Constantinople, he revolted against Arcadius. Tribigild marched his armies to sack the interior of Asia Minor, including regions and settlements such as Pamphylia and Pisidia.[4][5][6] His army was ambushed and destroyed by a local militia, with the few survivors and Tribigild escaping by bribing a Roman officer to let them escape. When the imperial legions arrived, he was easily able to subvert the loyalty of the fellow Goths that were the fighting core of the force, and scatter the rest.
The resulting population upheavals and rumors of Tribigild's increasing power forced Arcadius's prime minister, the eunuch Eutropius, to send an expeditionary force led by the general Gainas across the Hellespont.[7] According to the writer Claudian in his work In Eutropium, another general named Leo was dispatched to fight Tribigild. This general fought under bad omens, with weak and undisciplined men. During the battle, his cavalry and infantry got in the way of each other, and Tribigild captured them in an ambush.[8] Gainas, who was of the same tribe as Tribigild, and may have been a kinsmen,[9] possibly saw potential in using the mutiny to depose Eutropius. He returned to report that the rebel was insurmountable and that negotiation would be the safest tactic. A demand for the lifeblood of Eutropius, perhaps negotiated in advance by Gainas and Tribigild, was met. Since Aelia Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius, was already opposed to Eutropius, Arcadius was motivated to agree to the demands, and removed Eutropius from power.[4]
Praetorian Prefect Flavius Aurelianus replaced Eutropius and became consul for the year 400. Gainas, enraged as he had not been rewarded, marched on Chalcedon, and demanded to be given the position of magister militum and the deposition of Aurelianus as compensation.[10] Both of these wishes were granted, however, Gainas lacked major influence over the court as he very few political connections, and had made enemies of Emperor Arcadius and Empress Eudoxia. Gainas openly allied with Tribigild, and together they marched across the Bosporus on Constantinople. Tribigild was killed while fighting in Thrace,[9] while Gainas survived and occupied Constantinople. His time in Constantinople proved disastrous, the citizenry organized a pogrom that killed many of his men. Gainas and his army were then defeated in battle by the general Flavius Fravitta. Gainas escaped across the Danube and was killed by the Hunnic leader Uldin.[4][11][12]
- ^ Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart); Wörrle, Michael (Munich) (2006-10-01), "Nacolea", Brill’s New Pauly, Brill, retrieved 2023-08-13
- ^ Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl), “Tarbigilus (Tribigild)”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry.
- ^ Vedeshkin, Mikhail A. (2020-12-18). ""A Barbarian by Birth, Yet a Hellene in Everything Else": The Image of a Pious Barbarian in the Works of Late Roman Pagans". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 26 (2): 425–436. doi:10.1163/15700577-12341384. ISSN 0929-077X.
- ^ a b c Heather, P. J., 'Alaric and the Move to Gaul', Goths and Romans 332–489 (Oxford, 1994; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.003.0006, accessed 13 Aug. 2023.
- ^ Heather, P. J., 'Goths and Romans before the Huns', Goths and Romans 332–489 (Oxford, 1994; online edn, Oxford Academic, 3 Oct. 2011),
- ^ Vanhaverbeke, H.; Martens, F.; Waelkens, M.; Poblome, J. (2021-07-01), "Late Antiquity in the Territory of Sagalassos", Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside, Brill, p. 252, ISBN 978-90-474-1342-4, retrieved 2023-08-13
- ^ "The Theodosian Age, ad 395–451", New Rome, Harvard University Press, p. 135, 2022-02-22, doi:10.4159/9780674269460-010, ISBN 978-0-674-26946-0, retrieved 2023-08-13
- ^ Bernstein, Neil W. (2022-05-09), "Claudian's Silius", Silius Italicus and the Tradition of the Roman Historical Epos, Brill, p. 116, ISBN 978-90-04-51851-3, retrieved 2023-08-13
- ^ a b Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. University of California Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-520-06983-1.
- ^ Fuente, David Hernández de la (2011-01-18). New Perspectives on Late Antiquity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-2809-3.
- ^ Kulikowski, Michael (2020-01-07), "Stilicho and His Rivals", The Tragedy of Empire, Harvard University Press, pp. 123–142, doi:10.4159/9780674242708-009, ISBN 978-0-674-24270-8, retrieved 2023-08-13
- ^ Haarer, Fiona K. (2015-03-04), "Politics: Late Empire", in Le Bohec, Yann (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 763–796, doi:10.1002/9781118318140.wbra1174, ISBN 978-1-118-31814-0, retrieved 2023-08-13