1937 treaty between Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan
The Treaty of Saadabad (or the Saadabad Pact) was a non-aggression pact signed by Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan on July 8, 1937, and lasted for five years.[1] The treaty was signed in Tehran's Saadabad Palace and was part of an initiative for greater Middle Eastern-oriental relations spearheaded by King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan. Ratifications were exchanged in Tehran on June 25, 1938, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on July 19, 1938.[2]
In Iraq, the left-leaning Bakr Sidqi military government of 1936–1937 was less Arab nationalist than other Iraqi governments. Sidqi was a Kurd and his prime minister, Hikmat Sulayman, was a Turkmen.[3] They were therefore interested in diplomacy with Iraq's eastern, non-Arab neighbours. Turkey sought friendly relations with its neighbours and was still recovering from its defeat in World War I and the costly victory in the Turkish War of Independence.[4]
In 1943, the treaty was automatically extended for a further five years because none of the signatories had renounced it. After the end of the extended treaty term, the pact officially ended.[citation needed]
^Sykes, Percy (1941-01-01). "The role of the middle east". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 28 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1080/03068374108730994. ISSN 0035-8789.
^League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 190, pp. 22–27.
^Wien, Peter (22 February 2008). Iraqi Arab Nationalism: Authoritarian, Totalitarian and Pro-Fascist Inclinations, 1932–1941. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-20479-3.
^Erickson, Edward J. (2021-05-24). The Turkish War of Independence: A Military History, 1919–1923. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-4408-7842-8.
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