Trade unions in Egypt first emerged at the start of the 20th century, although organised collective action in the form of strikes undertaken by workers was recorded as early as 1882.[2]: 48 Following Egypt's formal independence in the mid-1950s trade unions were incorporated into state structures and only one officially recognised national centre existed. Starting in the 1970s and intensifying dramatically during the first decade of the 21st century, an independent, organised (but unofficial) labour movement took root in the country. This movement ultimately played a significant role in the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and the subsequent growth of independent trade unions and trade union pluralism.[3] However, with the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état and changes in laws governing trade unions, the situation for labour rights significantly worsened. In March 2018, independent unions were dissolved and required to reregister within 60 days; of 1,000 independent unions in existence previously, only 122 were recognised by the state within the time frame.[4]: 13
^"Egypt: Labour Market Profile 2016" (PDF). Danish Trade Union Development Agency. June 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
^Beinin, Joel, 1948- (1998). Workers on the Nile : nationalism, communism, Islam, and the Egyptian working class, 1882-1954. Lockman, Zachary. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9774244826. OCLC 41304295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Beinin, Joel (2012). The Rise of Egypt's Workers(PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
^2019 ITUC Global Rights Index: The World's Worst Countries for Workers(PDF). International Trade Union Confederation. 2019.
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