This article is about tracheal collapse in animals. For a similar condition in humans, see Tracheomalacia.
Tracheal collapseTracheal stent in a dog
Tracheal collapse in dogs is a condition characterized by incomplete formation or weakening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea resulting in flattening of the trachea. It can be congenital or acquired, and extrathoracic or intrathoracic (inside or outside the thoracic cavity). Tracheal collapse is a dynamic condition. Collapse of the cervical trachea or extrathoracic (in the neck) occurs during inspiration; collapse of the thoracic trachea or intrathoracic (in the chest) occurs during expiration.[1] Tracheal collapse is most commonly found in small dog breeds, including the Chihuahua, Pomeranian, Toy Poodle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Maltese, Pug, and Yorkshire Terrier.[2]
Congenital tracheal collapse appears to be caused by a deficiency of normal components of tracheal ring cartilage like glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, calcium, and chondroitin. Acquired tracheal collapse can be caused by Cushing's syndrome, heart disease, and chronic respiratory disease and infection.[3]
Symptoms include a cough (often called a "goose honk cough" due to its sound), especially when the dog is excited. This cough is usually paroxysmal in nature. Other symptoms include exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, and gagging while eating or drinking. Tracheal collapse is easily seen on a radiograph as a narrowing of the tracheal lumen. Treatment for mild to moderate cases include corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and antitussives. Medical treatment is successful in about 70 percent of tracheal collapse cases.[4] Severe cases can be treated with surgical implantation of a tracheal stent (inside or outside of the trachea) or prosthetic rings. Extraluminal (outside the trachea) stenting is generally used only for tracheal collapse in the neck region. Intraluminal stenting has shown more promise for success with intrathoracic cases, especially using nitinol, a type of shape memory alloy composed of nickel and titanium. Potential problems include stent migration and fracture.[5]
Tracheal collapse has also been described in horses, both as a congenital condition and as a result of trauma. It is most commonly seen in the cervical trachea.[6]
^Fossum, Theresa W. (2002). "Surgical Management Of Tracheal Collapse". Proceedings of the 27th World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
^Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3.
^Payne, Justin D.; Mehler, Stephen J.; Weisse, Chick (May 2006). "Tracheal Collapse". Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 28 (5). Veterinary Learning Systems: 373–382.
^Ouellet M, Dunn M, Lussier B, Chailleux N, Hélie P (2006). "Noninvasive correction of a fractured endoluminal nitinol tracheal stent in a dog". J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 42 (6): 467–71. PMID 17088395.
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This is more common in certain breeds, such as the Great Pyrenees. Trachealcollapse is characterized by incomplete formation or weakening of the cartilagenous...
airway and causing swelling and irritation of the laryngeal membranes. Trachealcollapse may also contribute to a cycle of airway obstruction and airway changes...
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include tracheal intubation, bronchoscopy, and tracheotomy. The back of the trachea may be damaged during tracheotomy. TBI resulting from tracheal intubation...
through the tracheal system. Each tracheal tube develops as an invagination of the ectoderm during embryonic development. To prevent its collapse under pressure...
CT. Radiographic features include increased opacification of collapsed lung and/or tracheal shift. Fetal conditions can also cause a mediastinal shift during...
congenital); airway edema (e.g., following instrumentation of the airway, tracheal intubation, drug side effect, allergic reaction); laryngospasm (from aspiration...
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difficulties with breathing through the nose; an elongated soft palate; and tracheal hypoplasia, a narrow windpipe. This causes difficulty breathing which leads...
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short-term paralysis as part of general anesthesia. This is done to help with tracheal intubation or electroconvulsive therapy. It is administered by injection...
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