Timothy Leary information

Timothy Leary
Timothy Leary
	Leary in 1970
Born	Timothy Francis Leary; October 22, 1920; Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	May 31, 1996 (aged 75); Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Education	College of the Holy Cross; United States Military Academy; University of Alabama (BA); Washington State University (MS); University of California, Berkeley (PhD);
Occupations	Psychologist; activist; author;
Known for	Eight-circuit model of consciousness; Reality tunnel; "Question authority"; "Set and setting"; "Turn on, tune in, drop out";
Spouses	; Marianne Busch (m. 1944; died 1955) ; Mary Della Cioppa (m. 1956; div. 1957) ; Nena von Schlebrügge (m. 1964; div. 1965) ; Rosemary Woodruff (m. 1967; div. 1976) ; Barbara Chase (m. 1978; div. 1992)
Children	3
	Scientific career
Fields	Clinical psychology; Psychotherapy; Psychedelic therapy;
Institutions	University of California, Berkeley; Kaiser Oakland Medical Center; Harvard University;

Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and author known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs.^[2] Evaluations of Leary are polarized, ranging from bold oracle to publicity hound. According to poet Allen Ginsberg, he was "a hero of American consciousness", and writer Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut".^[3] During the 1960s and 1970s, Leary was arrested 36 times.^[4] President Richard Nixon called him "the most dangerous man in America".^[5]

As a clinical psychologist at Harvard University, Leary founded the Harvard Psilocybin Project after a revealing experience with magic mushrooms he had in Mexico in 1960. He led the Project from 1960 to 1962, testing the therapeutic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which were legal in the U.S., in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment. Other Harvard faculty questioned his research's scientific legitimacy and ethics because he took psychedelics himself along with his subjects and allegedly pressured students to join in.^[6]^[7]^[8] Harvard fired Leary and his colleague Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass) in May 1963.^[9] Many people only learned of psychedelics after the Harvard scandal.^[10]

Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. He developed an eight-circuit model of consciousness in his 1977 book Exo-Psychology and gave lectures, occasionally calling himself a "performing philosopher".^[11] He also developed a philosophy of mind expansion and personal truth through LSD.^[12]^[13] After leaving Harvard, he continued to publicly promote psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the counterculture of the 1960s. He popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as "turn on, tune in, drop out", "set and setting", and "think for yourself and question authority". He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanism, human space migration, intelligence increase, and life extension (SMI²LE).^[14]

^ Gates, Anita (January 5, 2021). "Tanya Roberts, a Charlie's Angel and a Bond Girl, Is Dead at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
^ "Timothy Leary". psychology.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
^ Leary (1998), p. back cover.
^ Higgs (2006), p. 233.
^ Cite error: The named reference Mansnerus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Kansra, Nikita; Shih, Cynthia W. (May 21, 2012). "Harvard LSD Research Draws National Attention". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ Department of Psychology. "Timothy Leary (1920–1996)". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Weil (1963).
^ Stevens (1983), pp. 273–274.
^ Junker, Howard (July 5, 1965). "LSD: 'The Contact High'". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ Greenfield (2006), p. 537.
^ Isralowitz, Richard (May 14, 2004). Drug Use: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ISBN 978-1576077085. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Leary explored the cultural and philosophical implications of psychedelic drugs
^ Donaldson, Robert H. (2015). Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-0765615374. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Leary not only used and distributed the drug, he founded a sort of LSD philosophy of use that involved aspects of mind expansion and the revelation of personal truth through 'dropping acid'.
^ Gillespie, Nick (June 15, 2006). "Psychedelic, Man". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.

Cite error: There are <ref group=upper-alpha> tags or {{efn-ua}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=upper-alpha}} template or {{notelist-ua}} template (see the help page).

[NYTimesDeath-1] Gates, Anita (January 5, 2021). "Tanya Roberts, a Charlie's Angel and a Bond Girl, Is Dead at 65". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.

[3] "Timothy Leary". psychology.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2020.

[FOOTNOTELeary1998back_cover-4] Leary (1998), p. back cover.

[FOOTNOTEHiggs2006233-5] Higgs (2006), p. 233.

[Mansnerus-6] Cite error: The named reference Mansnerus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kansra-7] Kansra, Nikita; Shih, Cynthia W. (May 21, 2012). "Harvard LSD Research Draws National Attention". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.

[Harvard-8] Department of Psychology. "Timothy Leary (1920–1996)". Harvard University. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

[FOOTNOTEWeil1963-9] Weil (1963).

[FOOTNOTEStevens1983273–274-10] Stevens (1983), pp. 273–274.

[Junker-11] Junker, Howard (July 5, 1965). "LSD: 'The Contact High'". The Nation. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017.

[FOOTNOTEGreenfield2006537-12] Greenfield (2006), p. 537.

[13] Isralowitz, Richard (May 14, 2004). Drug Use: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ISBN 978-1576077085. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Leary explored the cultural and philosophical implications of psychedelic drugs

[14] Donaldson, Robert H. (2015). Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since 1945. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-0765615374. Retrieved April 1, 2016. Leary not only used and distributed the drug, he founded a sort of LSD philosophy of use that involved aspects of mind expansion and the revelation of personal truth through 'dropping acid'.

[15] Gillespie, Nick (June 15, 2006). "Psychedelic, Man". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017.

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Timothy Leary
Leary in 1970
Born	Timothy Francis Leary (1920-10-22)October 22, 1920 Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	May 31, 1996(1996-05-31) (aged 75) Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Education	College of the Holy Cross United States Military Academy University of Alabama (BA) Washington State University (MS) University of California, Berkeley (PhD)
Occupations	Psychologist activist author
Known for	Eight-circuit model of consciousness Reality tunnel "Question authority" "Set and setting" "Turn on, tune in, drop out"
Spouses	Marianne Busch (m. 1944; died 1955) Mary Della Cioppa (m. 1956; div. 1957) Nena von Schlebrügge (m. 1964; div. 1965) Rosemary Woodruff (m. 1967; div. 1976) Barbara Chase (m. 1978; div. 1992) ^[A]
Children	3

Scientific career
Fields	Clinical psychology Psychotherapy Psychedelic therapy
Institutions	University of California, Berkeley Kaiser Oakland Medical Center Harvard University

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