Direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons. A basic thermophotovoltaic system consists of a hot object emitting thermal radiation and a photovoltaic cell similar to a solar cell but tuned to the spectrum being emitted from the hot object.[1]
As TPV systems generally work at lower temperatures than solar cells, their efficiencies tend to be low. Offsetting this through the use of multi-junction cells based on non-silicon materials is common, but generally very expensive. This currently limits TPV to niche roles like spacecraft power and waste heat collection from larger systems like steam turbines.
^Bauer, Thomas (2011). Thermophotovoltaics. Green Energy and Technology. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19965-3. ISBN 978-3-642-19964-6.
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