Teresa de Cartagena (fl. 1425 – 1478) was a writer, mystic and nun in late medieval Castile who is considered to be the first Spanish-language female writer and mystic.[1] She became deaf between 1453 and 1459.[2] Her experience of deafness influenced her two known works Arboleda de los enfermos (Grove of the Infirm) and Admiraçión operum Dey (Wonder at the Works of God). The latter work represents what many critics consider as the first feminist tract written by a Spanish woman.
Few documents exist regarding Teresa's life. She was a conversa (a Christian of Jewish lineage). Her grandfather, Rabbi Shlomo ha-Levi, converted to Christianity around 1390 and was baptized as Pablo de Santa María, becoming bishop of Burgos in 1412. She was the niece of Alonso de Cartagena.[3]
Cantera Burgos discovered that Teresa was the daughter of Pedro de Cartagena after finding her named in the will of a later bishop of Burgos, Alonso de Cartagena, Pedro's brother and Teresa's uncle. Before becoming deaf, Teresa entered the Franciscan Monasterio de Santa Clara in Burgos around 1440. Later, in 1449, she transferred to the Cistercian Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos at behest of her uncle for unspecified reasons, where she became deaf. Dayle Seidenspinner-Núñez and Yonsoo Kim argue that the transfer occurred because of family political strategy and hostility of the Franciscans, who rejected conversos.
Teresa wrote her first work Arboleda de los enfermos expressing the solitude of her deafness. Approximately one to two years later, she penned a defense of her first work, called Admiraçión operum Dey, after mostly male critics claimed that a woman could not have possibly been the author of such an eloquent and well-reasoned work. Both of her writings have come down to modern readers through a single manuscript completed by the copyist Pero López del Trigo in 1481.
Important as Spain's first feminist writer, Teresa also contributed to an overall European canon of medieval feminist authors including Hildegard von Bingen and Christine de Pizan. Both Arboleda and Admiraçión are semi-autobiographical works that provide an authentic written voice of a medieval woman, a true rarity among surviving works of the Middle Ages.
She died after 1478.[4]
^Scarborough, Connie L. (2018-07-03). "Irrefutable arguments: Teresa de Cartagena defends her right to authorship". Romance Quarterly. 65 (3): 124–134. doi:10.1080/08831157.2018.1492848. ISSN 0883-1157. S2CID 166207675.
^"Teresa de Cartagena | Gallaudet University Library Guide to Deaf Biographies and Index to Deaf Periodicals". liblists.wrlc.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
^Ríos de la Llave, Rita (2012). "Mujeres conversas e identidad en la Castilla medieval (1449-1534): del orgullo por el linaje judío al disimulo de los orígenes" [Converso women and Identity in Medieval Castile (1449-1534): From Pride of the Jewish Lineage to the Concealment of Origins]. Anuario de Estudios Medievales. 42 (2). Editorial CSIC: 826. doi:10.3989/aem.2012.42.2.17. hdl:10017/27119. ISSN 0066-5061.
^Ríos de la Llave 2012, p. 826.
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