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Six principal systems of embossed type in use c. 1900: Haüy, Gall, Howe, Moon, Braille, Wait
A tactile alphabet is a system for writing material that the blind can read by touch. While currently the Braille system is the most popular and some materials have been prepared in Moon type, historically, many other tactile alphabets have existed:
Systems based on embossed Roman letters:
Moon type
Valentin Haüy's system (in italic style)
James Gall's "triangular alphabet", using both capital and lower-case, which was used in 1826 in the first embossed books published in English
Edmund Frye's system (capital letters only)
John Alston's system (capital letters only)
Jacob Snider, Jr.'s system, using rounded letters similar to Haüy's system, which was used in a publication of the Gospel of Mark in 1834, the first embossed book in the United States.
Samuel Gridley Howe's Boston Line using lowercase angular letters, influenced by Gall's system but more closely resembling standard Roman letters
Julius Reinhold Friedlander's Philadelphia Line, using all capital letters, similar to Alston's system, used at the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind (now the Overbrook School for the Blind) in Philadelphia
William Chapin (also at the Pennsylvania Institution)'s system, combining the lowercase letters of the Boston Line with the capitals of the Philadelphia Line, forming the "combined system" (used by 1868 in books printed by N. B. Kneass, Jr.)
Elia Chepaitis's ELIA Frame tactile alphabet/font system includes the major characteristics of the Roman alphabet letter within a frame. The frame denotes where the letter begins and ends and allows for systematic exploration. The use of the Roman alphabet's features in the design helps previously sighted people learn it. And its similarities to standard Roman fonts helps sighted caregivers to learn and share the alphabet with people who have a visual impairment.[1]
Systems based on arbitrary symbols:
Night writing
Braille
Thomas Lucas's system, based on shorthand and phonetic principles
James Hatley Frere's system, similar to Lucas's in that it was based on shorthand, but written in a boustrophedon manner
New York Point, a system of points invented by William Bell Wait, that competed with braille for some time before braille won out
A tactilealphabet is a system for writing material that the blind can read by touch. While currently the Braille system is the most popular and some materials...
Point – Tactilealphabet invented by William Bell Wait Chinese respelling of the English alphabet – Chinese pronunciation of the English alphabet. Burmese...
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Tactilealphabet – Alphabet readable by touch Tactile graphic – Image that can be read by touch Tangible...
and the environment. Tactile fingerspelling: A manual form of the alphabet in which words are spelled out (see manual alphabet) may be the best known...
(2009). "An overview of IPA Braille: an updated tactile representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic...
The Canadian currency tactile feature is a feature on the Canadian Journey and Frontier series of Canadian banknotes to aid people who are visually impaired...
New York Point (New York Point: ) is a braille-like system of tactile writing for the blind invented by William Bell Wait (1839–1916), a teacher in the...
The Lorm alphabet is a method of tactile signing named after Hieronymus Lorm, who developed it in the late 19th century. Letters are spelled by tapping...
In auditory–tactile synesthesia, certain sounds can induce sensations in parts of the body. For example, someone with auditory–tactile synesthesia may...
Moon System of Embossed Reading (commonly known as the Moon writing, Moon alphabet, Moon script, Moon type, or Moon code) is a writing system for the blind...
Night writing is the name given to a form of tactile writing invented by Charles Barbier de la Serre (1767-1841). It is one of a dozen forms of alternative...
manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of tactile signing...
such example of linguistic forgery. Braille: 161–162 and most other tactilealphabets were invented to serve the needs of the visually impaired, or, in...
based on a grid, which existed in two forms. The first is the conventional alphabet in a grid of 5x5 (at the time, the letter W was seldom used in the French...
differentiates initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants. The first tactile encoding of hangul was developed by Rosetta Sherwood Hall in 1894. It used...
line. Moon type is an embossed adaptation of the Latin alphabet invented as a tactilealphabet for the blind. Initially the text changed direction (but...
Frere (1779–1866) was an English writer on prophecy and developer of a tactilealphabet system for teaching the blind to read. Frere was the sixth son of John...
device for presentation of information in visual or tactile form (the latter used for example in tactile electronic displays for blind people). When the input...
Decapoint, or raphigraphy, was a tactile form of the Latin script invented by Louis Braille as a system that could be used by both the blind and sighted...
Thomas Rhodes Armitage (2 April 1824 – 23 October 1890) was a British physician, and founder of the Royal National Institute of Blind People. He was born...
areas activated during illusory tactile perception are similar to those activated during actual tactile stimulation. Tactile illusions can also be elicited...
to these rules, with the most common types being alphabets, syllabaries, and logographies. Alphabets use symbols called letters that correspond to spoken...
painting, and also developed educational toys for children, among them a tactilealphabet for the blind. In 1957 the couple moved to Denver, USA, and became...
Barbier Forerunner of Braille; tactilealphabet intended for communication in total darkness N'Ko Nkoo 1949 Solomana Kante Alphabet used to write the Manding...
Cats can use a range of communication methods, including vocal, visual, tactile and olfactory communication. Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have...
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