Sundarbans (pronounced /sʌnˈdɑːrbənz/) is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) of Bangladesh is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It spans the area from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna to the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal. It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, land used for agricultural purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. Sundarbans is home to the world's largest area of mangrove forests.[3] Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans West (Bangladesh), Sundarbans South (Bangladesh), Sundarbans East (Bangladesh) and Sundarbans National Park (India).[4]
Despite the protected status, the Indian Sundarbans were considered endangered in a 2020 assessment under the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems framework.[5] The Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of about 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi), of which forests in Bangladesh's Khulna Division extend over 6,517 km2 (2,516 sq mi) and in West Bengal, they extend over 3,483 km2 (1,345 sq mi) across the South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas districts.[6] The most abundant tree species are sundri (Heritiera fomes) and gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). The forests provide habitat to 453 fauna wildlife, including 290 bird, 120 fish, 42 mammal, 35 reptile and eight amphibian species.[7] Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some invertebrates, there has been a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species in the 20th century, with the ecological quality of the forest declining.[8]
Despite preservation commitments from both governments, the Sundarbans are under threat from both natural and human-made causes. In 2007, the landfall of Cyclone Sidr damaged around 40% of the Sundarbans. The forest is also suffering from increased salinity caused by rising sea levels due to climate change and reduced freshwater supply. In May 2009 Cyclone Aila devastated the Sundarbans with massive casualties. At least 100,000 people were affected by this cyclone.[9][10] The proposed coal-fired Rampal power station situated 14 km (8.7 mi) north of the Sundarbans at Rampal Upazila of Bagerhat District in Khulna, Bangladesh, is anticipated to further damage this unique mangrove forest according to a 2016 report by UNESCO.[11] Climate change is expected to continue to negatively affect both natural systems and human populations in the region, resulting in further ecosystem degradation and climate migration. Experts examining the region recommend further focus on mangrove restoration and management and advocating for adaptation of human populations, through processes like managed retreat and investments in resilient infrastructure.[12]
^"Sundarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
^"Sundarban Wetland, India". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
^"Sundarbans National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
^Giri, C.; Pengra, B.; Zhu, Z.; Singh, A.; Tieszen, L. L. (2007). "Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 73 (1–2): 91–100. Bibcode:2007ECSS...73...91G. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019.
^Sievers, M.; Chowdhury, M. R.; Adame, M. F.; Bhadury, P.; Bhargava, R.; Buelow, C.; Friess, D. A.; Ghosh, A.; Hayes, M. A.; McClure, E. C.; Pearson, R. M. (2020). "Indian Sundarbans mangrove forest considered endangered under Red List of Ecosystems, but there is cause for optimism" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 251: 108751. Bibcode:2020BCons.25108751S. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108751. hdl:10072/400371. S2CID 222206165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^Pani, D. R.; Sarangi, S. K.; Subudhi, H. N.; Misra, R. C.; Bhandari, D. C. (2013). "Exploration, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant rice genetic resources from Sundarbans region of West Bengal" (PDF). Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research. 30 (1): 45–53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
^Iftekhar, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2004). "Managing mangroves in Bangladesh: A strategy analysis" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Conservation. 10 (1): 139–146. doi:10.1652/1400-0350(2004)010[0139:MMIBAS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130056584. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^Manna, S.; Chaudhuri, K.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Bhattacharyya, M. (2010). "Dynamics of Sundarban estuarine ecosystem: Eutrophication induced threat to mangroves". Saline Systems. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1746-1448-6-8. PMC 2928246. PMID 20699005.
^"23 dead, 1 lakh affected as Cyclone Aila hits Bengal". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^"Cyclone Aila". 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^Iftekhar Mahmud (2016). "Unesco calls for shelving Rampal project". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
^Danda, A. A.; Ghosh, N.; Bandyopadhyay, J. & Hazra, S. (2020). Strategic and Managed Retreat as Adaptation: Addressing Climate Vulnerability in the Sundarbans (Report). New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans West (Bangladesh), Sundarbans South (Bangladesh), Sundarbans East (Bangladesh) and Sundarbans National Park (India)....
The Sundarbans National Park is a national park, tiger reserve and biosphere reserve in West Bengal, India. It is part of the Sundarbans on the Ganges...
from the Bangladesh Sundarbans, where adult females weigh 75–80 kg (165–176 lb). Three tigresses from the Bangladesh Sundarbans had a mean weight of...
Operation Sundarbans or Operation Sundarban (Bengali: অপারেশন সুন্দরবন) is a Bangladeshi wildlife action thriller movie. The film is co-written and directed...
Sundarban Express is an intercity express train in Bangladesh Railway which runs between the capital city Dhaka and the southwestern city Khulna through...
The Sundarbans settlements refer to the areas of the Sundarbans that were cleared of forests for human habitation in the present North 24 Paganas and...
in the Sundarbans, in India and Bangladesh are estimated to kill from 0-50 (mean of 22.7 between 1947 and 1983) people per year. The Sundarbans is home...
of Sundarbans district carving out from South 24 Parganas district.. Bankim Sardar College Jibantala Rokeya Mahavidyalaya Sukanta College Sundarban Hazi...
Sundarban Mahavidyalaya, established in 1965, is an undergraduate college in Kakdwip, West Bengal, India. It is affiliated with the University of Calcutta...
Sundarban Honey (Bengali: সুন্দরবন মধু) is a honey from the Sundarbans, which is collected and processed in the South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas...
of the same title. In 2014, he wrote and directed Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans. In 2022, he returned to acting after 15 years in Salaam Venky, directed...
the Bangladeshi area of Sundarbans, there are three wildlife sanctuaries: Sundarbans East, Sundarbans South, and Sundarbans West. The region is intersected...
Fatehi made her acting debut with the Hindi film Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans. Fatehi gained popularity in Telugu films for her special appearance songs...
the Sundarbans National Park in West Bengal, India. The sanctuary is one of three Sundarbans wildlife sanctuaries, the others being the Sundarbans East...
Numerous rivers, creeks and khals criss-cross the area. The tip of the Sundarbans National Park is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green...
'Adventure of Sundarbans' release date announced". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-04-05. Adventure of Sundarbans on Facebook Adventure of Sundarbans at IMDb...
Environmental impact of development in the Sundarbans, is the study of environmental impact on Sundarban, the largest single tract mangrove forest. It...
Most of the rivers of West Bengal originate from the Himalayan in the north or from the Chhota Nagpur plateau in the west and flow south or southeast over...
tropical dry forests, alluvial plains and the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. In the Eastern Himalayas, it was documented in temperate forest up to...
deciduous forests, Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests, Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests, and Sundarbans mangroves. Its ecology includes a long sea coastline...
A list of rivers of the Sundarbans geographic region and ecoregion, located in Bangladesh and in West Bengal state of Eastern India. The Bangladesh portion...
2010. "Sundarbans National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2022. "The Sundarbans". UNESCO...
Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region, the coastal Sundarbans and the Bay of Bengal. The state's main ethnic group are the Bengalis...
2022. "Sundarbans National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2022. "The Sundarbans". UNESCO...
sanctuaries established in the Sundarbans at that time, the others being the Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary and the Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary...
Sumatra, Indonesia. Cox's Bazar, the longest sea beach in the world and Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest and the natural habitat of the Bengal tiger...
been a recurrent problem in India, especially in Kumaon, Garhwal and the Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal. There, even otherwise healthy tigers have been...
He made his Hindi film debut with the 2014 film Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans. In 2019, Ghuman appeared in the Hindi film Marjaavaan. Ghuman will be...